Introduction to Anthropology and Psychology

The study of humankind, exploring how humans live, think, communicate and interact with their environment.

Explores how individuals behave and think, including their mental processes.

The systematic study of how humans interact within groups and societies.

Anthropology examines societal issues by studying the cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs surrounding the issue. For example, it might explore how different cultures view marriage.

Psychology investigates societal issues by focusing on the individual behavior and mental processes related to the issue. It explores the motivations and emotional effects of the issue.

Sociology studies societal issues by examining how social structures and interactions shape the issue. It looks at groups and their roles in the problem.

Physical Anthropology focuses on the biological and evolutionary aspects of humans, including their physical characteristics and origins.

Cultural Anthropology explores the cultural practices, beliefs, and behaviors of different societies around the world.

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those traits on to their offspring.

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.

A systematic study and description of a particular culture, including its customs, beliefs, and social structures.

A group of organisms that are closely related and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

The process of change in the inherited traits of a population over time.

An individual who studies the past and physical remains of early humans and their ancestors.

The first completely bipedal hominid, with smaller brains and similar teeth and leg structures to chimpanzees.

The first species known to use stone tools, with a larger brain than Australopithecus.

The first hominid species to spread widely beyond Africa, known for using fire and having a skeleton similar to modern humans.

The last hominid species before Homo Sapiens, with a large brain and the ability to use speech.

The species of humans currently living, with a larger brain and complex social behavior.

An extinct hominid species that lived in Eurasia, known for their robust bodies and larger brains.

A theory that suggests that humans who are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

A member of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, apes, and their ancestors.

A psychological need defined as the desire to feel safe, secure, and protected from harm. It involves having a sense of order, stability, and predictability in life.

A psychological need that involves feeling loved, accepted, and belonging to a group. It involves strong relationships, intimacy, and social connection.

A psychological need that involves feeling good about oneself, having confidence, and valuing one's abilities and achievements.

A psychological need that involves reaching one's full potential, pursuing personal growth, and living a meaningful life.

A psychological model proposed by Abraham Maslow, which suggests that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, starting from basic physiological needs and progressing to higher-level needs like self-actualization.

A psychological model based on Carl Jung's work that identifies various personality types based on preferences for how individuals perceive and process information.

A model of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner, which suggests that intelligence is not a single entity but rather a collection of different abilities or intelligences.

A type of intelligence that involves the ability to understand and manipulate visual information, such as patterns, shapes, and spatial relationships. It involves visual thinking and the ability to imagine and visualize objects.

Proposed by Sigmund Freud, this theory suggests our unconscious mind is divided into three parts: the Id, which represents primal urges and desires, the Superego, which embodies morality and societal rules, and the Ego, which acts as a mediator between the Id and Superego, striving for balance.

A controversial theory by Freud suggesting that children develop unconscious sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent during early childhood. This complex is resolved when the child identifies with the same-sex parent.

A learning process where a naturally occurring response to a specific stimulus becomes associated with a neutral stimulus, eventually triggering the same response.

This type of conditioning focuses on learning through reinforcement and punishment. Actions followed by positive consequences become more likely, while those followed by negative consequences become less likely.

A theory that suggests optimal performance occurs at an intermediate level of arousal. Too low or too high arousal leads to decreased performance.

A cognitive bias where an individual has an exaggerated sense of their own importance and abilities, often with an underlying sense of feeling inferior.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory that suggests humans have a series of needs that must be met in a hierarchical order, starting with basic needs such as food and shelter to higher needs such as self-actualization.

A ritual or practice that marks a significant transition in a person's life, often involving symbolic actions and cultural practices.

A traditional practice or way of doing something that is common in a particular culture, often passed down through generations.

The process of acquiring knowledge and understanding, including perception, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like planning, decision making, problem solving, language, and motor control.

Located on the side of the brain, the temporal lobe is crucial for hearing, language comprehension, memory, and visual perception.

The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, including touch, pain, temperature, and spatial awareness.

The occipital lobe is located at the back of the brain and is mainly responsible for processing visual information.

A small but essential part of the brain located at the back of the skull, responsible for coordination, balance, and motor learning.

The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls essential functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

A theory created by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind in shaping personality and behavior.

A method developed by Sigmund Freud to explore the unconscious mind by analyzing dreams, slips of the tongue, and other unconscious behaviors.

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not easily accessible to conscious awareness. According to Freud, it is the source of our motivations and drives.

A term used in psychoanalysis to describe the basic instincts and drives that motivate human behavior, such as the desire for food, sex, aggression, and self-preservation.

According to Freud, the superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and values.

The part of the personality that represents the individual's conscious self, responsible for mediating between the demands of the id and superego.

A mental health condition is characterized by significant changes in thinking, mood, or behavior, leading to noticeable distress and impairment in daily life.

1. Clinical Significance: The symptoms must be severe enough to cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
2. Distress: The person must be experiencing significant emotional pain or suffering.
3. Impairment: The condition must interfere with the individual's ability to function in their daily life, such as work, relationships, or school.
4. Not Culturally Expected: The behavior must not be a culturally acceptable response to a particular event or situation.

1. Biological Model: Focuses on the role of genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain structure in mental health. (Example: Schizophrenia)
2. Psychodynamic Model: Emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences as contributing factors. (Example: Anxiety disorders)
3. Cognitive Model: Highlights the role of thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations in shaping mental health. (Example: Depression)
4. Social-Cultural Model: Examines the influence of social and cultural factors, such as poverty, discrimination, and trauma, on mental health. (Example: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD))

A legal defense used in criminal court when the defendant is deemed to have lacked the mental capacity to understand the wrongfulness of their actions at the time of the crime.

A process where individuals learn and internalize societal values, norms, and behaviors, enabling them to function effectively within their society.

1. Individual Level: Focuses on how personal characteristics and experiences shape individual identity and behavior.
2. Social Level: Examines how social interactions, groups, and institutions influence individuals and their beliefs.
3. Cultural Level: Explores how shared cultural norms, values, and traditions impact gender roles and expectations.

A group of individuals who share common interests, goals, or values and interact regularly.

Established patterns of social behavior that meet fundamental societal needs, such as education, religion, or law.