Introduction to Anthropology

The two Greek words are logos/logia, meaning 'to study', and Anthropos, meaning 'man'.

Anthropology focuses on studying humans and their complex and diverse behaviors.

Franz Boas is known as the 'Father of Modern Anthropology'. He believed that the methods and strategies used in natural sciences could be applied to measure culture and human behavior while conducting research.

<p>Alfred Kroeber and William Henry Morgan were prominent. They focused on championing the rights of indigenous groups, including cultural preservation and ancestral land rights, particularly among American Indian tribes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four branches are Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Archeology, and Linguistics Anthropology. Cultural Anthropology studies human cultures, beliefs, and practices. Physical Anthropology focuses on the biological and behavioral aspects of humans. Archeology investigates the past through material remains. Linguistics Anthropology examines the relationship between language and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on cultural understanding through actual experiences and participant observations of human populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first two goals are to observe commonalities among people, such as traditions and language, and to discover what makes people different from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The third goal, as presented in the text, is not explicitly mentioned. It is indicated by an incomplete sentence. Based on the text's focus on understanding human behavior, it could generally be stated as: To explore and understand the diverse and complex ways in which humans interact with their world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle considers political science the most authoritative science because it determines which sciences are studied in the city-state and governs other practical sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political Theory explores fundamental questions about political ideology, fairness, justice, and equity, drawing upon both historical and contemporary perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Relations examines the political relationships between nation-states, analyzing diplomacy, military conflict, international organizations, and the international economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparative Politics analyzes and compares political units (countries, citizens, etc.) to identify similarities and differences, aiming to understand how political systems function and evolve across diverse contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political Methodology focuses on qualitative research methods, integrating statistics, mathematics, and formal theory, particularly for positive research in political science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public Administration focuses on the practical implementation of government policies, preparing civil servants and studying how government programs are executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political Economy examines the relationship between production, trade, law, custom, government, and the distribution of income and wealth within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One key goal of political science is to understand how political systems work, and identify issues and challenges within these systems, which can potentially lead to solutions and improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociological imagination, as defined by C. Wright Mills, is the ability to connect individual experiences to wider societal forces. It allows us to see how personal troubles are often shaped by public issues and social structures. For example, unemployment may be a personal problem for an individual, but it also reflects larger economic and social trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociology helps us see 'general patterns in particular events' (Berger). This means that sociologists look for recurring themes and social structures that influence individual actions. For instance, a single instance of domestic violence may appear isolated, but sociological analysis can reveal broader patterns of gender inequality and power dynamics within society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Thomas Theorem states, 'If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.' This means that our perceptions and beliefs about the world, even if they are not objectively true, can shape our actions and create real-world outcomes. For example, if people believe a rumor about a certain group, they might act in ways that reinforce those beliefs, even if the rumor is false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social organization explores how societies are structured and how social institutions, like government, religion, and education, operate and influence individuals. It examines issues related to inequality, social mobility, and the dynamics of bureaucracies. For example, a social organization sociologist might study how social class affects access to education or how religious groups influence political processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychology investigates the connection between individual behavior and social processes. It studies how social stimuli, like group pressure or cultural norms, influence individual thoughts, feelings, and actions. A social psychologist might research how social media influences self-esteem or how group dynamics affect conformity and obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied sociology uses sociological knowledge to solve practical problems and improve society. Its goal is to translate sociological findings into tangible solutions. For instance, applied sociologists could study the effectiveness of community policing programs to reduce crime or develop interventions to address homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population studies examine the demographic characteristics, size, growth, and distribution of populations. They analyze factors that influence population changes, such as migration patterns, fertility rates, and mortality. A population sociologist might investigate the impact of urbanization on social inequality or analyze the relationship between population density and environmental sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human ecology studies the relationship between social organizations and the environment. It examines how social institutions, like family, religion, and government, impact the natural world and how environmental changes affect human behavior. For example, a human ecologist might study how different religious beliefs influence attitudes towards environmental conservation or how climate change affects social migration patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of humans, their cultures, and societies.

Father of modern anthropology who applied natural science methods to culture study.

Studies human cultures through experiences and observations.

Examines biological and behavioral aspects of humans and their primate relatives.

Studies human history through artifacts and material remains.

Explores the connection between language, culture, and biology.

Uses anthropological knowledge to address and solve social issues.

To observe shared traits and discover differences among cultures.

The awareness of the relationship between personal experiences and larger societal forces.

The study of social institutions, inequality, mobility, and groups within society.

Focuses on how social environments influence individual behavior and responses.

Sociology that aims to address social problems through practical application of research.

The analysis of demographic characteristics, growth, migration, and societal impacts.

Study of interactions between social organizations and population behavior.

Development of theoretical tools and methods to explain sociological issues.

Study of factors causing changes and disruptions in social organization.

The study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.

Aristotle's work that discusses the nature of good and the role of political science.

The oldest field in political science focused on ideologies and justice.

Study of political relations and conflicts between nation-states.

Analyzes similarities and differences among various political units.

Focuses on qualitative methods using statistics and formal theory.

Implementation of government policy and training for civil servants.

Studies the relationship between politics, law, and trade.