Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are generic signs and symptoms of anemia? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are generic signs and symptoms of anemia? (Select all that apply)
How is anemia diagnosed?
How is anemia diagnosed?
History, physical examination, signs and symptoms, hematology values, lab findings
Match the anemia specialty testing to their definitions:
Match the anemia specialty testing to their definitions:
Osmotic fragility = Test for red blood cell membrane integrity Sickle cell testing = Identifies sickle cell disease Iron studies = Evaluates iron metabolism DAT = Detects antibodies against red blood cells Hgb electrophoresis = Separates different types of hemoglobin
What are the two major classifying schemes for anemia?
What are the two major classifying schemes for anemia?
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What does morphological classification refer to?
What does morphological classification refer to?
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What does functional classification explain?
What does functional classification explain?
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What kind of classification is Wintrobe classification?
What kind of classification is Wintrobe classification?
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Which morphological classifications of anemia are listed? (Select all that apply)
Which morphological classifications of anemia are listed? (Select all that apply)
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What are the two types of blood loss?
What are the two types of blood loss?
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What defines acute blood loss?
What defines acute blood loss?
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What are the three phases of acute blood loss?
What are the three phases of acute blood loss?
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What occurs during the immediate phase of acute blood loss?
What occurs during the immediate phase of acute blood loss?
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What happens during the delayed phase of acute blood loss?
What happens during the delayed phase of acute blood loss?
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Describe the regenerative phase (acute) of blood loss.
Describe the regenerative phase (acute) of blood loss.
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What summarizes the findings of acute blood loss?
What summarizes the findings of acute blood loss?
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Chronic blood loss is primarily associated with which area?
Chronic blood loss is primarily associated with which area?
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What are the two adaptive mechanisms of chronic blood loss?
What are the two adaptive mechanisms of chronic blood loss?
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What summarizes the findings of chronic blood loss?
What summarizes the findings of chronic blood loss?
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Study Notes
Anemia Overview
- Generic signs and symptoms of anemia include pallor, fatigue, headaches, faintness, and slight fever.
- Diagnosis involves history, physical examination, symptoms, hematology values, and lab findings.
Anemia Testing and Classification
- Anemia specialty testing includes osmotic fragility, sickle cell testing, iron studies, DAT, and hemoglobin electrophoresis.
- Major classification schemes for anemia are morphological (based on cell appearance) and pathophysiological/functional (based on causes).
Morphological vs. Functional Classification
- Morphological classification assesses the microscopic appearance of cells and is useful for diagnosis.
- Functional classification explains the causes of anemia and aids in treatment decisions.
Wintrobe Classification
- Specific details about Wintrobe classification are not provided but is generally recognized in the context of anemia types.
Morphological Classification Chart
- Types include:
- Normocytic, normochromic anemia
- Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
- Macrocytic, normochromic anemia
Blood Loss Types
- Two types of blood loss are acute and chronic.
Acute Blood Loss
- Often due to traumatic conditions; symptoms include thirst and shock.
- Blood loss percentage impacts symptoms:
- 20% loss may show no symptoms at rest
- 30-40% can result in collapse/shock
- 50% loss may lead to death.
Phases of Acute Blood Loss
- Immediate Phase: Characterized by significant blood loss and fluid shift; Hgb and Hct levels may not reflect actual loss due to dilution.
- Delayed Phase: Hgb and Hct decrease over time, typically observed hours post-incident, presenting as normocytic/normochromic.
- Regenerative Phase: Bone marrow responds with reticulocytes appearing 7-10 days after blood loss.
Acute Blood Loss Summary
- Etiology predominantly from trauma; blood volume disruption is evident.
- Iron deficiency is not a concern initially; hematocrit remains normal at first.
- WBC and platelet counts typically increase initially; reticulocyte levels are also initially normal.
Chronic Blood Loss
- Commonly associated with the GI tract and other conditions such as menstruation and urinary tract issues.
- Blood volume remains stable although iron deficiency develops.
Adaptive Mechanisms of Chronic Blood Loss
- Increased oxygenated blood flow to tissues through elevated cardiac rate and output.
- Enhanced oxygen uptake through deeper inspirations and increased respiration rates.
- Tissue adapts to utilize oxygen more effectively by increasing 2,3 BPG levels in erythrocytes.
Chronic Blood Loss Summary
- Etiology includes GI tract issues, menstruation, and urinary tract conditions.
- Blood volume disruption does not occur; iron deficiency is common.
- Hematocrit and Hgb levels are decreased; WBC and platelet counts remain normal; reticulocyte levels increase.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to anemia, including generic signs and symptoms, diagnosis methods, and specialty testing. Prepare yourself to understand the critical elements of anemia evaluation and management.
