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Questions and Answers
What is the standard reference position for anatomical descriptions?
What is the standard reference position for anatomical descriptions?
- Supine Position
- Erect Position (correct)
- Lateral Decubitus Position
- Prone Position
Which level of anatomical study involves examining structures visible to the naked eye?
Which level of anatomical study involves examining structures visible to the naked eye?
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Radiological Anatomy
- Histology
- Macroscopic Anatomy (correct)
The study of tissues at the microscopic level is known as what?
The study of tissues at the microscopic level is known as what?
- Physiology
- Radiology
- Histology (correct)
- Gross Anatomy
Which of the following is NOT a primary level of studying anatomy?
Which of the following is NOT a primary level of studying anatomy?
Using imaging techniques like X-rays to study anatomy is known as what?
Using imaging techniques like X-rays to study anatomy is known as what?
What sections does the median plane divide the body into?
What sections does the median plane divide the body into?
What is the orientation of the paramedian plane in relation to the median plane?
What is the orientation of the paramedian plane in relation to the median plane?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which sections does the transverse plane divide the body into?
Which sections does the transverse plane divide the body into?
How does the paramedian plane relate to the sagittal plane?
How does the paramedian plane relate to the sagittal plane?
Who is Dr. Sayed Mostafa?
Who is Dr. Sayed Mostafa?
What is one of the main topics covered?
What is one of the main topics covered?
What does body coverings include?
What does body coverings include?
What is the primary focus of the anatomical terms discussed?
What is the primary focus of the anatomical terms discussed?
Where is the topic of body coverings discussed?
Where is the topic of body coverings discussed?
What is one of the primary functions of the skin?
What is one of the primary functions of the skin?
Which of the following does the skin defend the body against?
Which of the following does the skin defend the body against?
What is a key role the skin plays in maintaining overall health?
What is a key role the skin plays in maintaining overall health?
The skin is capable of producing which essential nutrient?
The skin is capable of producing which essential nutrient?
What is the most superficial layer of the skin?
What is the most superficial layer of the skin?
The epidermis is composed of how many layers (strata) of cells?
The epidermis is composed of how many layers (strata) of cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
What protein is found in the superficial layer of the epidermis?
What protein is found in the superficial layer of the epidermis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of keratin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of keratin?
Where is the epidermis generally thickest?
Where is the epidermis generally thickest?
What is a primary function of the superficial fascia?
What is a primary function of the superficial fascia?
Which of the following does the superficial fascia contain?
Which of the following does the superficial fascia contain?
What role does superficial fascia play in body form?
What role does superficial fascia play in body form?
What is one way the superficial fascia helps maintain homeostasis?
What is one way the superficial fascia helps maintain homeostasis?
Besides fat storage, what other type of tissue is found within the superficial fascia?
Besides fat storage, what other type of tissue is found within the superficial fascia?
Flashcards
Macroscopic Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of structures visible without a microscope.
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Radiological Anatomy
Radiological Anatomy
Study of anatomical structures using imaging techniques.
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Position
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Erect Position
Erect Position
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Median Plane
Median Plane
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Paramedian Plane
Paramedian Plane
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Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
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Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
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Flexion
Flexion
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Extension
Extension
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Abduction
Abduction
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Adduction
Adduction
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Coverings of the body
Coverings of the body
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What is skin?
What is skin?
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Skin's Protective Function
Skin's Protective Function
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Skin Defenses
Skin Defenses
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Skin's Temperature Control
Skin's Temperature Control
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Vitamin D production
Vitamin D production
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Epidermal Layers (Strata)
Epidermal Layers (Strata)
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Superficial Epidermal Layer
Superficial Epidermal Layer
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Keratin
Keratin
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Epidermis Blood Supply?
Epidermis Blood Supply?
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Temperature regulation
Temperature regulation
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Rounded body contour
Rounded body contour
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Fat storage
Fat storage
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Vessel Support
Vessel Support
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Insulation and Cushioning
Insulation and Cushioning
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Study Notes
- Introduction to Anatomy
- Prepared by Dr. Sayed Mostafa
- Modified by Dr. Eid Nassar Ali
What is Anatomy?
- In Greek, anatomy means "to cut"
- In Latin, it means "to dissect".
Levels of Studying Anatomy
- Macroscopic or gross anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy or histology
- Radiological anatomy
Anatomical Position
- Standard reference position for accurate description of body parts and regions
Other Body Positions
- Supine Position
- Right Lateral Position
- Prone Position
- Left Lateral Position
Anatomical Terms of Position
- Directional terms indicate body part locations in the anatomical position
Anatomical Planes
- Midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves
- Median plane also divides the body into right and left halves
- Paramedian plane runs parallel to the median plane
- Frontal or coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower parts
Common Anatomical Terms of Movement
- Terms describe various body movements like flexion, abduction, pronation, etc.
Coverings of the Body
- Includes the skin and fascia
The Skin
- Functions include protection, defense against microorganisms, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, absorption, and sensory reception
Structure of the Skin
- Superficial layer or epidermis
- Deep connective layer or dermis
- Deep to the Dermis lies the Superficial fascia or the Hypodermis
Epidermis
- Most superficial layer of skin
- Formed of 4-5 layers (strata) of cells
- The superficial layer is composed of flat cells filled with keratin, a water-insoluble protein
- Lacks blood vessels
- Deep layer cells can regenerate through mitotic division
Thickness of the Epidermis
- Generally thin, except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, to withstand friction, tear, and rubbing
Dermis
- Lies deep to the epidermis
- Composed of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, smooth muscles, hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands
Appendages of the Skin
- Hairs
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
- Nails
Hairs
- Cover most body surfaces, except palms, soles, and red margin of the lip
- A band of smooth muscle called arrector pili moves the hair
- These muscles are supplied by sympathetic nerve fibers
Sebaceous Glands
- Lie within the dermis
- Ducts open into the side of a hair
- Secrete sebum to lubricate the hair and skin
- Absent on the palms or soles
Sweat Glands
- Long, tubular glands
- Extend through the full thickness of the dermis
- Present all over the body, except on the red margins of the lips, nail beds, glans penis, and clitoris
Nails
- Flat horny plate on the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of fingers and toes
- Includes a root, body, nail fold, and bed
Clinical Applications - Infections of the Skin
- Pathogenic organisms, usually staphylococci, enter through nail folds, hair follicles, or sebaceous glands
- Paronychia is an infection between the nail and the nail fold
The Fascia
- Connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles and bones, divided into superficial and deep layers
Superficial Fascia
- Found immediately under the skin, uniting it to the underlying tissues
- Consists of loose connective tissue with variable amounts of fat, blood vessels, and nerves of the skin
- Thin in the eyelids, external ear, penis, and scrotum
Function of Superficial Fascia
- Maintain body temperature
- Give the body a rounded contour, especially in females
- Store fat
- Contain blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of the skin
- Allow free mobility of the skin on the underlying structures
- Contains muscles in the face for facial expressions and platysma in the neck
Deep Fascia
- Dense, inelastic fibrous membrane
- Separates the superficial fascia from deeper structures
- Covers most of the body but is absent in certain regions, such as the face, scalp, and anterior abdominal wall
Functions of Deep Fascia
- Invests the muscles to separate different muscle groups
- Thickened at distal joints for protection, forming retinaculae; in the palm and sole of the foot, forming aponeuroses
- Serves as pulleys around which tendons move
- Surrounds blood vessels and nerves, forming a sheath such as the carotid sheath in the neck
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Description
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. This lesson introduces macroscopic, microscopic, and radiological anatomy. It also covers anatomical position, planes, and directional terms used to describe the body.
