Podcast
Questions and Answers
Anatomy is the science that deals with the structure of the human body.
Anatomy is the science that deals with the structure of the human body.
True
The term 'anatomy' is derived from a Latin word meaning cutting up.
The term 'anatomy' is derived from a Latin word meaning cutting up.
False
Embryology is the study of post-natal developmental changes in an individual.
Embryology is the study of post-natal developmental changes in an individual.
False
Histology is the study of structures through a microscope.
Histology is the study of structures through a microscope.
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Surface anatomy studies deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
Surface anatomy studies deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
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Radiographic anatomy involves studying bones and deeper organs without any imaging techniques.
Radiographic anatomy involves studying bones and deeper organs without any imaging techniques.
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Applied anatomy applies anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.
Applied anatomy applies anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.
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Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja is a lecturer in the Department of Physiology.
Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja is a lecturer in the Department of Physiology.
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The anatomy teaching format includes one-hour lectures and one-hour practical sessions in the Anatomy lab.
The anatomy teaching format includes one-hour lectures and one-hour practical sessions in the Anatomy lab.
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The Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain includes only one educator.
The Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain includes only one educator.
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A model must be put back together before leaving the lab.
A model must be put back together before leaving the lab.
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Models left disassembled may not be removed until next month.
Models left disassembled may not be removed until next month.
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The supine position involves lying on the back.
The supine position involves lying on the back.
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The coronal plane divides the body into left and right parts.
The coronal plane divides the body into left and right parts.
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The median sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.
The median sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.
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There are only two major groups of planes through the body.
There are only two major groups of planes through the body.
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Hot spot questions are part of the assessment methods.
Hot spot questions are part of the assessment methods.
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The palms of the hands face backward in the anatomical position.
The palms of the hands face backward in the anatomical position.
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The term 'caudal' refers to structures lying higher with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
The term 'caudal' refers to structures lying higher with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
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Superficial fascia is made up of dense connective tissue with a small amount of fat.
Superficial fascia is made up of dense connective tissue with a small amount of fat.
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Flexion is the movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
Flexion is the movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
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Deep fascia is devoid of fat and is usually non-elastic and tough.
Deep fascia is devoid of fat and is usually non-elastic and tough.
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Abduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline.
Abduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline.
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The term 'medial' means away from the midline of the body.
The term 'medial' means away from the midline of the body.
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Elevation of the mandible refers to moving the mandible forward.
Elevation of the mandible refers to moving the mandible forward.
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The palmar area is located on the back of the hand.
The palmar area is located on the back of the hand.
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Fascia serves as a conduit for vessels and nerves to and from the skin.
Fascia serves as a conduit for vessels and nerves to and from the skin.
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The superficial fascia covers all the body's muscles directly.
The superficial fascia covers all the body's muscles directly.
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Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward.
Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward.
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Protraction of the mandible involves moving it backward.
Protraction of the mandible involves moving it backward.
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Deep fascia can be modified to form intermuscular septa.
Deep fascia can be modified to form intermuscular septa.
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The skeletal system is primarily designed for effective movement.
The skeletal system is primarily designed for effective movement.
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The appendicular skeleton consists of 66 bones.
The appendicular skeleton consists of 66 bones.
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There are 14 bones in the human cranium.
There are 14 bones in the human cranium.
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Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are types of muscles in the muscular system.
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are types of muscles in the muscular system.
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The number of vertebrae in the vertebral column is 26.
The number of vertebrae in the vertebral column is 26.
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Embryoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
Embryoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
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Synovial joints include hinge joints and ball & socket joints.
Synovial joints include hinge joints and ball & socket joints.
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There are four primary types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, and synarthrosis.
There are four primary types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, and synarthrosis.
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The lateral plate mesoderm is responsible for forming the body wall and limbs.
The lateral plate mesoderm is responsible for forming the body wall and limbs.
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Amniotic cavities, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity develop during the first week of embryo development.
Amniotic cavities, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity develop during the first week of embryo development.
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The total number of carpals in the human body is 16.
The total number of carpals in the human body is 16.
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The embryonic ectoderm forms the neural tube during neurulation.
The embryonic ectoderm forms the neural tube during neurulation.
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Gastrulation results in the formation of two germ layers.
Gastrulation results in the formation of two germ layers.
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There are 28 phalanges in both the upper and lower extremities combined.
There are 28 phalanges in both the upper and lower extremities combined.
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The Anatomy Lab is located in ROOM 219 on Floor 3.
The Anatomy Lab is located in ROOM 219 on Floor 3.
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Anatomy education in the lab employs anatomical models and an Anatomage table.
Anatomy education in the lab employs anatomical models and an Anatomage table.
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Each learning community in the lab will be divided into large groups.
Each learning community in the lab will be divided into large groups.
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A collection of models for revision is stored at the front of the Lab.
A collection of models for revision is stored at the front of the Lab.
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Each model in the lab is assigned a unique code for identification.
Each model in the lab is assigned a unique code for identification.
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The term 'proximal' refers to a position that is away from the root of a structure.
The term 'proximal' refers to a position that is away from the root of a structure.
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Flexion increases the angle between two body parts.
Flexion increases the angle between two body parts.
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The superior position refers to structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
The superior position refers to structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
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The term 'medial' is used to describe a position that is closer to the midline of the body.
The term 'medial' is used to describe a position that is closer to the midline of the body.
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Abduction describes movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
Abduction describes movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
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Anatomy is derived from a Latin word meaning cutting up.
Anatomy is derived from a Latin word meaning cutting up.
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Cadaveric anatomy involves the study of living individuals.
Cadaveric anatomy involves the study of living individuals.
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Radiographic anatomy studies deeper organs using imaging techniques.
Radiographic anatomy studies deeper organs using imaging techniques.
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Histology is the study of the body's surface structures.
Histology is the study of the body's surface structures.
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Surface anatomy studies the deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
Surface anatomy studies the deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
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Embryology studies post-natal developmental changes.
Embryology studies post-natal developmental changes.
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Applied anatomy refers to the theoretical aspects of anatomy.
Applied anatomy refers to the theoretical aspects of anatomy.
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All members of the anatomy team at RCSI, Bahrain are clinical educators.
All members of the anatomy team at RCSI, Bahrain are clinical educators.
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Anatomy teaching includes both lectures and practical sessions.
Anatomy teaching includes both lectures and practical sessions.
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Embryoblast differentiates into mesoderm and ectoderm during development.
Embryoblast differentiates into mesoderm and ectoderm during development.
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Adduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
Adduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
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Hyperextension is the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Hyperextension is the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
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Circumduction is a circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Circumduction is a circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
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Pronation occurs when the radius rotates over the ulna.
Pronation occurs when the radius rotates over the ulna.
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Flexion of the vertebral column refers to bending it backwards.
Flexion of the vertebral column refers to bending it backwards.
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Opposition is a movement that occurs between the thumb and the pinky finger.
Opposition is a movement that occurs between the thumb and the pinky finger.
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Lateral rotation moves a limb away from the midline of the body.
Lateral rotation moves a limb away from the midline of the body.
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Abduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline.
Abduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline.
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Superficial fascia is primarily composed of loose connective tissue with a large amount of fat.
Superficial fascia is primarily composed of loose connective tissue with a large amount of fat.
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Deep fascia is elastic and contains a significant amount of fat.
Deep fascia is elastic and contains a significant amount of fat.
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Inversion refers to the movement of the foot that turns its sole outward.
Inversion refers to the movement of the foot that turns its sole outward.
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The protraction of the mandible means to move it forward.
The protraction of the mandible means to move it forward.
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Deep fascia does not form epimysium, perimysium, or endomysium.
Deep fascia does not form epimysium, perimysium, or endomysium.
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Fascia serves only as a structural component without any clinical relevance.
Fascia serves only as a structural component without any clinical relevance.
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Loss of superficial fascia fat typically occurs in all areas of the body.
Loss of superficial fascia fat typically occurs in all areas of the body.
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Elevation of the mandible refers to moving the mandible downward.
Elevation of the mandible refers to moving the mandible downward.
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The anatomical position describes the subject standing upright with feet together, hands by the side, and the palms facing backward.
The anatomical position describes the subject standing upright with feet together, hands by the side, and the palms facing backward.
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The median sagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left parts.
The median sagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left parts.
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There are three primary types of anatomical planes: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal/transverse.
There are three primary types of anatomical planes: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal/transverse.
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Models abandoned in the lab may be removed and are typically reused within the same month.
Models abandoned in the lab may be removed and are typically reused within the same month.
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The supine position refers to lying face down on the abdomen.
The supine position refers to lying face down on the abdomen.
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Coronal planes cut through the body, resulting in anterior and posterior sections.
Coronal planes cut through the body, resulting in anterior and posterior sections.
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Hot spot questions are not included in the various assessment methods within modules.
Hot spot questions are not included in the various assessment methods within modules.
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The anatomical position requires that the subject's face looks directly up toward the ceiling.
The anatomical position requires that the subject's face looks directly up toward the ceiling.
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Embryology is the study of post-natal developmental changes in an individual.
Embryology is the study of post-natal developmental changes in an individual.
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Cadaveric anatomy involves studying live bodies to understand anatomical structures.
Cadaveric anatomy involves studying live bodies to understand anatomical structures.
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Applied anatomy focuses on the knowledge of structure function only in surgical practices.
Applied anatomy focuses on the knowledge of structure function only in surgical practices.
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Surface anatomy refers to studying deeper structures of the body without considering the skin surface.
Surface anatomy refers to studying deeper structures of the body without considering the skin surface.
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Histology allows the study of anatomical structures solely through imaging techniques.
Histology allows the study of anatomical structures solely through imaging techniques.
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Radiographic anatomy can be studied without any radiographic imaging techniques.
Radiographic anatomy can be studied without any radiographic imaging techniques.
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The anatomical term 'caudal' refers to structures that are positioned higher on the body.
The anatomical term 'caudal' refers to structures that are positioned higher on the body.
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Self-directed learning is not included in the instructional methods for anatomy teaching.
Self-directed learning is not included in the instructional methods for anatomy teaching.
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The Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain consists of only clinical educators and no senior lecturers.
The Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain consists of only clinical educators and no senior lecturers.
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A model in the anatomy lab must be completely assembled to be removed from the lab.
A model in the anatomy lab must be completely assembled to be removed from the lab.
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The term 'distal' refers to a position close to the root of a structure.
The term 'distal' refers to a position close to the root of a structure.
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Abduction is the movement of a part towards the midline of the body.
Abduction is the movement of a part towards the midline of the body.
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Cranial indicates a direction towards the head.
Cranial indicates a direction towards the head.
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The term 'superior' is referenced when describing structures that are lower in relation to the body's vertical axis.
The term 'superior' is referenced when describing structures that are lower in relation to the body's vertical axis.
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In the anatomical terminology, 'ipsilateral' refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.
In the anatomical terminology, 'ipsilateral' refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.
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Adduction refers to the movement of any part moving away from the midline in the coronal plane.
Adduction refers to the movement of any part moving away from the midline in the coronal plane.
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Circumduction is a movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
Circumduction is a movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
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Opposition involves the movement of the thumb and the ring finger touching each other.
Opposition involves the movement of the thumb and the ring finger touching each other.
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Hyperextension refers to the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Hyperextension refers to the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
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Pronation is when the radius and ulna bones of the forearm are parallel.
Pronation is when the radius and ulna bones of the forearm are parallel.
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Lateral rotation and medial rotation refer to movements away from and towards the midline, respectively.
Lateral rotation and medial rotation refer to movements away from and towards the midline, respectively.
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Flexion always involves the extension of a joint.
Flexion always involves the extension of a joint.
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Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward.
Inversion is a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward.
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The axial skeleton includes the hyoid bone, which is counted as one bone.
The axial skeleton includes the hyoid bone, which is counted as one bone.
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The appendicular skeleton consists of a total of 64 bones.
The appendicular skeleton consists of a total of 64 bones.
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The embryonic mesoderm is responsible for the formation of the cardiovascular system.
The embryonic mesoderm is responsible for the formation of the cardiovascular system.
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There are 8 cranial bones in the human skull.
There are 8 cranial bones in the human skull.
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Skeletal muscle is classified as involuntary muscle.
Skeletal muscle is classified as involuntary muscle.
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The embryoblast is responsible for forming the extraembryonic mesoderm.
The embryoblast is responsible for forming the extraembryonic mesoderm.
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The patella is classified as one of the tarsal bones in the human body.
The patella is classified as one of the tarsal bones in the human body.
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Interosseous membranes are formed from modifications of deep fascia in both the forearm and leg.
Interosseous membranes are formed from modifications of deep fascia in both the forearm and leg.
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There are 3 auditory ossicles found in each ear, totaling 6 in the human body.
There are 3 auditory ossicles found in each ear, totaling 6 in the human body.
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Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast are formed from the embryonic ectoderm during implantation.
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast are formed from the embryonic ectoderm during implantation.
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The notochord is developed during the third week of embryo development.
The notochord is developed during the third week of embryo development.
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Ectoderm is responsible for the formation of the urogenital system.
Ectoderm is responsible for the formation of the urogenital system.
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The lateral plate mesoderm contributes to the formation of the digestive tract wall.
The lateral plate mesoderm contributes to the formation of the digestive tract wall.
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Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the human body.
- The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek word meaning "cutting up."
- "Dissection" is a Latin word.
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Cadaveric anatomy is studied on dead bodies.
- Embryology studies the prenatal developmental changes in an individual.
- Histology studies the structures of the human body through a microscope.
- Surface anatomy studies the deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
- Radiographic anatomy studies bones and other deeper organs through radiography.
- Applied anatomy applies anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.
Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain
- Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja, Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
- Dr. Sara Sulaiman, Senior Lecturer in Anatomy
- Ms. Fatema Abdulwahab, Lab Technician
- Fiona Cronin, Anatomy tutor
Teaching Methods
- Large group teaching
- Case-based learning
- Anatomy practicals
- Self-directed learning
Anatomy Teaching at RCSI, Bahrain
- Students attend a one-hour lecture and a one-hour practical session on the same topic in the anatomy lab.
- Students must assemble disassembled models before leaving the anatomy lab.
Assessment Methods
- Card signing (MCQ, SBA, short answer questions, hotspot questions)
- Knowledge checks
- Progress tests
Recommended Textbooks
- Drake, Vogl & Mitchell: Gray's Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
- Ellis: Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
- Moore, Agur: Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
- Langman: Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins)
Positions
- Anatomical position: subject standing upright with feet together, hands by the side, face looking forward, palms facing forward, and fingers straight.
- Supine position: lying on the back, arms by the side.
- Prone position: lying on the abdomen.
Planes
- Three major planes pass through the body in the anatomical position: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal/transverse.
- Coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior sections.
- Sagittal plane runs parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into right and left sections.
- Median sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.
- Horizontal/transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior sections.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior (ventral): front.
- Posterior (dorsal): back.
- Cranial: towards the head.
- Caudal: towards the tail.
- Superior: structures lying above with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Inferior: structures lying below with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Superficial: close to the skin/surface.
- Deep: away from the skin/surface.
Anatomical Terminology (Continued)
- Proximal: close to the root of a structure.
- Distal: away from the root of a structure.
- Medial: close to the midline.
- Lateral: away from the midline.
- Ipsilateral: same side of the body as another structure.
- Contralateral: opposite side of the body from another structure.
- Palmar: front of the hand.
- Dorsal: back of the hand.
- External: outside.
- Internal: inside.
Terms Related to Body Movements
- Gliding movements: side-to-side movements.
- Flexion: decrease in the angle between two flexor surfaces.
- Extension: increase in the angle between two flexor surfaces.
- Abduction: movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
- Opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.
Terms Related to Body Movements (Continued)
- Dorsiflexion: bending the foot upward.
- Plantar flexion: bending the foot downward.
- Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Protraction: moving a part forward.
- Retraction: moving a part backward.
Terms Related to Body Movements (Continued)
- Elevation: raising a part.
- Depression: lowering a part.
Body Systems
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
Fascia
- Superficial Fascia:
- Found beneath the skin.
- Made of loose connective tissue with large amounts of fat.
- Facilitates skin movements.
- Conduit for vessels and nerves.
- Energy reservoir.
- Absent in areas such as the eyelids, scrotum, and penis.
Fascia (Continued)
- Deep Fascia:
- Fibrous sheet found beneath superficial fascia.
- Devoid of fat, non-elastic and tough.
- Forms intermuscular septa, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, and sheaths around vessels and nerves.
- Forms capsules for joints, synovial membranes, bursae, aponeuroses, retinacula, and interosseous membranes.
Skeletal System
- Includes bone and cartilage.
- The supporting framework of the body.
- Facilitates movements by attached muscles.
Divisions of Skeletal System
- Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
- Skull: Cranium (8 bones), Face (14 bones), Hyoid (1 bone), Auditory Ossicles (6 bones).
- Vertebral Column (26 bones).
- Thorax: Sternum (1 bone), Ribs (24 bones).
Divisions of Skeletal System (Continued)
- Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones):
- Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles: Clavicle (2 bones), Scapula (2 bones).
- Upper Extremities: Humerus (2 bones), Ulna (2 bones), Radius (2 bones), Carpals (16 bones), Metacarpals (10 bones), Phalanges (28 bones).
- Pelvic Girdle: Pelvic or Hip Bone (2 bones).
- Lower Extremities: Femur (2 bones), Fibula (2 bones), Tibia (2 bones), Patella (2 bones), Tarsals (14 bones), Metatarsals (10 bones), Phalanges (28 bones).
Joints
- Structural Classification: Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints.
- Functional Classification: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable).
Joint Classifications
- Fibrous (Synarthrosis): Sutures, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis.
- Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis): Primary, Secondary.
- Synovial (Diarthrosis): Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ellipsoid, Ball and Socket.
Muscular System
- Types: Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.
Nervous System
- Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves and ganglia.
Development
- First Week: The morula enters the uterine cavity and transforms into a blastocyst. The inner cell mass becomes the embryoblast, and the outer cell mass becomes the trophoblast.
- Second Week: Implantation is complete. The trophoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The embryoblast differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast. The amniotic cavity, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity form. Extraembryonic mesoderm develops, splitting into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm. The beginnings of utero-placental circulation appear.
Development (Continued)
- Third and Fourth Weeks: Primitive streak appears. Gastrulation occurs, forming the germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The notochord develops. Neurulation forms the neural tube. The three germ layers differentiate.
Germ Layers
- Ectoderm: Gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and sensory organs.
- Mesoderm: Gives rise to the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and urogenital system.
- Endoderm: Gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory system, and glands.
Folding
- Cephalocaudal folding: Occurs during the fourth week, giving rise to the head and tail regions.
- Lateral folding: Occurs during the fourth week, giving rise to the body cavity and gut tube.
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy studies the structure of the human body.
- The word "anatomy" is derived from the Greek word meaning "cutting up."
- "Dissection" is a Latin word.
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Cadaveric anatomy: studied on dead bodies.
- Embryology: studies pre-natal developmental changes in an individual.
- Histology: studies microscopic structures.
- Surface Anatomy: studies deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin.
- Radiographic Anatomy: studies bones and other deeper organs through radiography.
- Applied Anatomy: applies anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practices.
Anatomy Team at RCSI, Bahrain
- Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy, [email protected].
- Dr. Sara Sulaiman: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy, [email protected].
- Ms. Fatema Abdulwahab: Lab Technician, [email protected].
- Fiona Cronin: Anatomy tutor, [email protected].
Instructional Methods
- Large group teaching.
- Case-based Learning.
- Anatomy practicals.
- Self-directed learning.
Anatomy Teaching
- The course includes one-hour lectures and one-hour practical sessions.
- The Anatomy Lab is located in Room 219 on Floor 2.
- Students are divided into 4 Learning Communities (LCs) for practical sessions.
- Each LC is further divided into smaller groups, facilitated by a facilitator.
- Lab resources include anatomical models, clinical imaging, an ultrasound machine, and an Anatomage table.
Online Resources
- Visible Body: 3D anatomical models, dissections, and clinical content.
- AnatomyTV: Comprehensive anatomical atlas with dissections, videos, and animations.
- Netter Atlas: Illustrated medical atlas.
- Essential Anatomy: 3D interactive atlas for iPad and Android.
- Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology - Marieb: Textbook and digital resources.
- Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology - Martini: Textbook and digital resources.
Models and Cadavers
- Traditionally, anatomy is taught using anatomical models or cadavers.
- RCSI Bahrain utilizes anatomical models and the Anatomage table for teaching.
- Anatomical models are kept at the back of the lab for revision purposes.
- Every model is coded for identification purposes.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior (ventral): Front.
- Posterior (dorsal): Back.
- Cranial: Towards the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail.
- Superior: Structures lying higher with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Inferior: Structures lying lower with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Superficial: Close to the skin/surface.
- Deep: Away from the skin/surface.
- Proximal: Close to the root of a structure.
- Distal: Away from the root of a structure.
- Medial: Close to the midline.
- Lateral: Away from the midline.
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body as another structure.
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body from another structure.
- Palmar: Front of the hand.
- Dorsal: Back of the hand.
- External: Outside.
- Internal: Inside.
Terms Related to Body Movements
- Gliding Movements: Side-to-side movements.
- Flexion: Decrease in angle or two flexor surfaces are brought close to each other.
- Extension: Increase in angle or straightening.
- Abduction: Movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
- Adduction: Movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane.
- Hyperextension: Excessive extension beyond the normal anatomical position.
- Rotation: Movement of a body part around its longitudinal axis.
- Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
- Medial Rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
- Pronation: The radius rotates over the ulna.
- Supination: Radius and ulna are parallel.
- Opposition: Thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers.
- Dorsiflexion: Movement of the foot upwards.
- Plantar Flexion: Movement of the foot downwards.
- Inversion: Movement of the sole of the foot inwards.
- Eversion: Movement of the sole of the foot outwards.
- Protraction: Moving forward.
- Retraction: Moving back.
- Elevation: Moving upwards.
- Depression: Moving downwards.
Body Systems
- Integumentary System
Fascia
- Fascia: Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and other structures in the body.
- Superficial (Subcutaneous) Fascia: Loose connective tissue beneath the skin with a large amount of fat.
- Deep Fascia: Fibrous sheet below superficial fascia, mostly non-elastic and tough.
-
Functions of Deep Fascia:
- Forms intermuscular septa (divides muscle groups).
- Covers each muscle as epimysium, each muscle fasciculus as perimysium, and each muscle fiber as endomysium.
- Covers each nerve, nerve fascicule, and individual fiber as epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium respectively.
- Forms sheaths around large vessels and nerves.
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek word meaning "cutting up."
- The Latin word for "cutting up" is "dissection."
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Cadaveric anatomy is the study of dead bodies.
- Embryology is the study of prenatal developmental changes in an individual.
- Histology is the study of microscopic structures.
- Surface anatomy is the study of deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface.
- Radiographic anatomy is the study of bones and other deeper organs through radiography.
- Applied anatomy is the application of anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice.
Anatomy Team in RCSI, Bahrain
- Dr. Vijayalakshmi Bhojaraja: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy.
- Dr. Sara Sulaiman: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy.
- Ms. Fatema Abdulwahab: Lab Technician, Anatomy tutor.
- Fiona Cronin: Senior Lecturer in Anatomy.
Instruction Methods
- Large group teaching
- Case-based Learning
- Anatomy practicals
- Self-directed learning
Anatomy Teaching
- Students have one-hour lectures and one-hour practical sessions in the anatomy lab.
- Students must put models back together before leaving the lab.
Assessment Methods
- Card signing
- Multiple Choice Questions
- Short answer questions
- Hot spot questions
- Knowledge checks
- Progress tests
Recommended Textbooks
- Drake, Vogl & Mitchell. Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Elsevier Churchill Livingstone)
- Ellis Clinical Anatomy (Blackwell)
- Moore, Agur Essential Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students (Williams and Wilkins)
- Langman Medical Embryology (Williams and Wilkins)
Positions
- Anatomical position: Subject stands upright with feet together, hands by the side, face looking forward, palms facing forward, fingers straight.
- Supine position: Lying on the back, arms by the side.
- Prone position: Lying on the abdomen.
Planes
- Coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior.
-
Sagittal plane: Divides the body or an organ into left and right.
- Median sagittal plane: Divides the body into equal left and right sides.
- Parasagittal plane: Runs parallel to the median sagittal plane.
- Horizontal/Transverse plane: Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior (ventral): Front.
- Posterior (dorsal): Back.
- Cranial: Towards the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail.
- Superior: Structures lying upwards with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Inferior: Structures lying downwards with reference to the vertical axis of the body.
- Superficial: Close to the skin/surface.
- Deep: Away from the skin/surface.
- Proximal: Close to the root of a structure.
- Distal: Away from the root of a structure.
- Medial: Close to midline.
- Lateral: Away from midline.
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body as another structure.
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body from another structure.
- Palmar: Front of the hand.
- Dorsal: Back of the hand.
- External: Outside.
- Internal: Inside.
Terms related to body movements
- Gliding movements: Side-to-side movements.
- Flexion: Decrease in the angle between two bones or flexor surfaces move closer.
- Extension: Increase in the angle between two bones or straightening.
- Abduction: Movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane.
- Adduction: Movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane.
-
Rotation: Turning or twisting of a body part around its long axis.
- Lateral rotation: Body part rotates away from the midline.
- Medial rotation: Body part rotates toward the midline.
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
- Pronation: Radius rotates over ulna, palm faces backward.
- Supination: Radius and ulna are parallel, palm faces forward.
- Opposition: Movement between thumb and medial four fingers (thumb touches the tips of the other fingers).
Deep Fascia
- Modifications of deep fascia:
- Forms capsules, synovial membranes, and bursae in relation to joints.
- Forms aponeuroses in palms and soles, which afford protection to underlying structures.
- Forms retinacula near some joints to hold tendons in place.
- Forms interosseous membrane in the forearm and leg.
Skeletal System
- Includes bones and cartilages.
- The supporting framework of the body.
- Primarily designed for more effective production of movements by attached muscles.
Divisions
-
Axial Skeleton:
- Skull: 8 cranium bones, 14 face bones, 1 hyoid bone, 6 auditory ossicles (3 per ear).
- Vertebral column: 26 bones.
- Thorax: 1 sternum, 24 ribs.
- Total: 80 bones.
-
Appendicular Skeleton:
- Pectoral (shoulder) girdles: 2 clavicles, 2 scapulas.
- Upper extremities: 2 humeri, 2 ulnas, 2 radii, 16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, 28 phalanges.
- Pelvic girdle: 2 pelvic/hip bones.
- Lower extremities: 2 femurs, 2 fibulas, 2 tibias, 2 patellas, 14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals, 28 phalanges.
- Total: 126 bones.
Joints
- Structural Classifications: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.
- Functional Classifications: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable).
-
Fibrous joints:
- Sutures: Joined by fibrous connective tissue, found between the bones of the skull.
- Syndesmoses: Joined by ligaments or interosseous membranes, e.g. between the tibia and fibula.
- Gomphosis: Peg-and-socket joint, e.g. between a tooth and its socket.
-
Cartilaginous joints:
- Primary (Synchondrosis): Joined by hyaline cartilage, e.g.costal cartilage.
- Secondary (Symphysis): Joined by fibrocartilage, e.g. intervertebral discs.
- Synovial joints: Freely movable joints, characterized by a synovial membrane and articular cartilage.
Synovial Joint Types
- Plane joints: Allow gliding/sliding movements, e.g. carpal bones.
- Hinge joints: Uniaxial movement, like a door hinge, e.g. elbow.
- Pivot joints: Uniaxial movement (rotation), e.g. between radius and ulna.
- Condylar joints: Biaxial movement, e.g. knee joint.
- Saddle joints: Biaxial movement, e.g. thumb joint.
- Ellipsoid joints: Biaxial movement, e.g. wrist joint.
- Ball-and-socket joints: Multiaxial movement, e.g. shoulder joint and hip joint.
Muscular System
- Types: Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle
Nervous System
- The nervous system controls and coordinates the body's functions
First Week of Development
- The first week of development begins with fertilization and ends with the formation of the blastocyst.
Blastocyst Formation
- The morula enters the uterine cavity on day 4 after fertilization.
- A fluid-filled space called the blastocoel appears inside the morula.
- The conceptus is now called a blastocyst.
- The inner cell mass is renamed the embryoblast.
- The outer cell mass is renamed the trophoblast.
Embryoblast and Trophoblast
- The embryoblast gives rise to the embryo proper.
- The trophoblast contributes to the placenta later in development.
Second Week of Development
-
Highlights:
- Implantation completes.
- Trophoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast .
- Inner cell mass (embryoblast) differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast.
- Formation of amniotic cavity, yolk sac, and chorionic cavity.
- Development of extraembryonic mesoderm.
- Extraembryonic mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.
- Beginning of primitive utero-placental circulation.
Third and Fourth Week of Development
-
Highlights:
- Appearance of the primitive streak.
- Gastrulation: Formation of germ layers.
- Development of the notochord
- Neurulation: Formation of the neural tube.
- Differentiation of the three germ layers.
Germ Layer Differentiation
- Invagination of cells displaces the hypoblast and forms the embryonic endoderm.
- Cells between the epiblast and the endoderm form the intraembryonic or embryonic mesoderm.
- The remaining cells of the epiblast form the embryonic ectoderm.
Ectoderm
- Neuroectoderm: Forms the nervous system (brain, spinal cord).
- Surface ectoderm: Forms the epidermis, hair, nails, sweat glands, and mammary glands.
Embryonic Mesoderm
- Paraxial mesoderm: Forms somites on either side of the neural tube; gives rise to skeletal muscle, cartilage, and connective tissues.
- Intermediate mesoderm: Lies lateral to paraxial mesoderm; gives rise to the urogenital system.
- Lateral plate mesoderm: Continues with extraembryonic mesoderm; gives rise to body wall, wall of the digestive tract, and limbs.
Folding
- Cephalocaudal folding: The head and tail ends of the embryo bend inwards, causing the embryo to fold from head to tail.
- Lateral folding: The sides of the embryo fold inwards, bringing the lateral body walls together to meet at the midline.
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Test your knowledge on the basics of anatomy, including its subdivisions and teaching methods. This quiz covers essential concepts such as cadaveric anatomy, embryology, and the RCSI Anatomy Team. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of human body structure.
