Podcast
Questions and Answers
The term 'Agriculture' comes from the Latin word 'Agrarius', which means '________'.
The term 'Agriculture' comes from the Latin word 'Agrarius', which means '________'.
land
The first domesticated animal is the __________.
The first domesticated animal is the __________.
dog
Luxembourg is recognized as the richest country in the __________.
Luxembourg is recognized as the richest country in the __________.
world
The __________ age is known as the early stone age.
The __________ age is known as the early stone age.
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Shifting cultivation, also known as 'slash & __________', is a farming technique involving clearing land by cutting down vegetation.
Shifting cultivation, also known as 'slash & __________', is a farming technique involving clearing land by cutting down vegetation.
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Pastoral Nomadism is primarily focused on herding __________ animals.
Pastoral Nomadism is primarily focused on herding __________ animals.
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Intensive subsistence agriculture, often referred to as __________, requires significant labor on a small scale.
Intensive subsistence agriculture, often referred to as __________, requires significant labor on a small scale.
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The first __________ revolution marked the beginning of farming and domesticating animals.
The first __________ revolution marked the beginning of farming and domesticating animals.
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The term 'industrial revolution' was coined by American economic historian Arnold ______.
The term 'industrial revolution' was coined by American economic historian Arnold ______.
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The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the ______ century.
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the ______ century.
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The second industrial revolution occurred in the late ______ century.
The second industrial revolution occurred in the late ______ century.
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The primary fundamental materials during the Industrial Revolution included iron and ______.
The primary fundamental materials during the Industrial Revolution included iron and ______.
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The spinning jenny was invented by ______ Hargreaves.
The spinning jenny was invented by ______ Hargreaves.
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The rise of ______ movements was one of the significant social changes during the Industrial Revolution.
The rise of ______ movements was one of the significant social changes during the Industrial Revolution.
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Japan's industrial effort was known as the 'Meiji ______.'
Japan's industrial effort was known as the 'Meiji ______.'
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Industrialization flourished in North America in the early to mid-______ century.
Industrialization flourished in North America in the early to mid-______ century.
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The diffusion of industrialization to various regions of Europe included countries like France, Germany, and ______.
The diffusion of industrialization to various regions of Europe included countries like France, Germany, and ______.
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Colonial expansion involved European powers spreading industrialization to their colonies and various regions across the ______.
Colonial expansion involved European powers spreading industrialization to their colonies and various regions across the ______.
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In the 20th century, certain areas experienced ______ industrialization, often due to the effects of colonialism.
In the 20th century, certain areas experienced ______ industrialization, often due to the effects of colonialism.
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The industrial processes were significantly influenced by advancements in transportation and ______.
The industrial processes were significantly influenced by advancements in transportation and ______.
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The emergence of multinational corporations was one of the drivers behind the rapid global ______ of industrialization.
The emergence of multinational corporations was one of the drivers behind the rapid global ______ of industrialization.
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The adoption of Western technologies and organizational frameworks was part of Japan's ______ during the 19th century.
The adoption of Western technologies and organizational frameworks was part of Japan's ______ during the 19th century.
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Economic changes during the Industrial Revolution included a more balanced distribution of ______.
Economic changes during the Industrial Revolution included a more balanced distribution of ______.
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Plantation farming does not fall under the category of ______ agriculture.
Plantation farming does not fall under the category of ______ agriculture.
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Plantations are predominantly situated in ______ countries.
Plantations are predominantly situated in ______ countries.
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Luxury commodities such as coffee and tea are cultivated for ______.
Luxury commodities such as coffee and tea are cultivated for ______.
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The principal agricultural products derived from changing farming practices include corn and ______.
The principal agricultural products derived from changing farming practices include corn and ______.
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The annual reduction of tropical rainforests is estimated to be around ______ to 20 million hectares.
The annual reduction of tropical rainforests is estimated to be around ______ to 20 million hectares.
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Agriculture in more developed countries exhibits a higher degree of technological ______.
Agriculture in more developed countries exhibits a higher degree of technological ______.
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Commercial agriculture has a minority of individuals engaged in agricultural ______.
Commercial agriculture has a minority of individuals engaged in agricultural ______.
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Norman Borlaug is credited with initiating the Green Revolution in ______.
Norman Borlaug is credited with initiating the Green Revolution in ______.
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India was threatened with ______ in the 1960s due to a growing population.
India was threatened with ______ in the 1960s due to a growing population.
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The IR8 rice cultivar exhibited enhanced productivity in terms of grain ______ per individual plant.
The IR8 rice cultivar exhibited enhanced productivity in terms of grain ______ per individual plant.
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The adoption of IR8 rice has significantly reduced crop ______ in India.
The adoption of IR8 rice has significantly reduced crop ______ in India.
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The advent of agriculture facilitated the growth of settled human ______.
The advent of agriculture facilitated the growth of settled human ______.
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Commercial agriculture is primarily driven by the desire to maximize ______.
Commercial agriculture is primarily driven by the desire to maximize ______.
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Farmers in both central and peripheral regions must adapt to various ______.
Farmers in both central and peripheral regions must adapt to various ______.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) has considerable influence over global agricultural ______.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has considerable influence over global agricultural ______.
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The global industrial market encompasses economic endeavors associated with manufacturing, refining, and dissemination of ______ and services.
The global industrial market encompasses economic endeavors associated with manufacturing, refining, and dissemination of ______ and services.
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Technical advancements such as automation and robots are part of the category known as ______ innovation.
Technical advancements such as automation and robots are part of the category known as ______ innovation.
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The process of ______ is expedited by the progression of transportation, communication, and trade regulation.
The process of ______ is expedited by the progression of transportation, communication, and trade regulation.
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______ regulation encompasses rules at local, national, and international levels.
______ regulation encompasses rules at local, national, and international levels.
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Infrastructure and technology investments significantly boost the ______ of a country.
Infrastructure and technology investments significantly boost the ______ of a country.
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Two types of energy are ______ and non-renewable.
Two types of energy are ______ and non-renewable.
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______ energy sources lack the ability to replenish, leading to potential depletion.
______ energy sources lack the ability to replenish, leading to potential depletion.
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Fossil fuels can be classified into two categories: proven reserves and ______ reserves.
Fossil fuels can be classified into two categories: proven reserves and ______ reserves.
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Saudi Arabia holds about ______% of the global proven oil reserves.
Saudi Arabia holds about ______% of the global proven oil reserves.
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The United States possesses only ______% share of proven oil reserves worldwide.
The United States possesses only ______% share of proven oil reserves worldwide.
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Venezuela is recognized as the country with the largest oil ______.
Venezuela is recognized as the country with the largest oil ______.
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OPEC implemented restrictions on oil ______ from the Middle East during the 1970s.
OPEC implemented restrictions on oil ______ from the Middle East during the 1970s.
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The US consumes ______% of global energy per capita despite having only 5% of the population.
The US consumes ______% of global energy per capita despite having only 5% of the population.
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China holds the ______ highest resource consumption rate globally.
China holds the ______ highest resource consumption rate globally.
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As nations develop, there is a corresponding escalation in their ______ of resource consumption.
As nations develop, there is a corresponding escalation in their ______ of resource consumption.
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Study Notes
Agriculture
- Agriculture's definition: "Agrarius" meaning "land," focuses on subsistence and economic benefits.
- Top rice exporter: India.
- Richest country: Luxembourg.
- Key Ages:
- Paleolithic: Early Stone Age (Old Stone Age).
- Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age (12,000-10,000 years ago).
- Neolithic: New Stone Age; farming, animal domestication, settled communities begin.
- Nomads: People with temporary homes.
- Hearth(s): Regions where farming began.
- Villages: Permanent settlements fostering social, cultural, political, and economic interactions.
- First Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic; domestication and farming emerged.
- People as "environmental engineers": Soil tilling for cultivation.
- Domestication: Biological process where organisms develop traits under human selection.
- Cultigens: Domesticated plants.
- Domesticated animals: More docile, productive (meat, wool, milk). First domesticated animal: dog
- Agriculture in Less Developed Countries (LDC): Significant portion of labor involved in agriculture vs. commercial trade.
- Methods of Subsistence Farming:
- Shifting Cultivation ("slash and burn"): Clearing vegetation, then burning.
- Pastoral Nomadism: Herding in dry regions, potentially combining sedentary agriculture. Common animal: sheep. Animals are primary sustenance.
- Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: Labor-intensive, small-scale farming (e.g., wet rice, horticulture).
- Plantation Farming: Not subsistence; located in LDCs, exports crops (coffee, tea, rubber, sugarcane) to MDCs. Often occupies prime agricultural land. Main crops: Corn, Cassava. Deforestation risk.
- Rubenstein's Analysis of Agriculture:
- Plantation farming isn't subsistence agriculture; aimed at export to MDCs; located in LDCs.
Agriculture in More Developed Countries (MDC)
- MDC Agriculture: High tech; Increased productivity, better crop yields.
- Characteristics of Commercial Agriculture:
- Small % of population engaged in agriculture.
- Mechanization.
- Large-scale operations.
- Sale of goods to processing entities.
- Collaboration with other commercial enterprises.
The Green Revolution
- Key figure: Norman Borlaug, American scientist.
- Mexico's experience: Wheat surplus; became a wheat exporter by the 1960s. Green Revolution technologies' global spread. Self-sufficiency in the 1950s and net exporter by the 1960s.
- Funding and Institutions: Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and government organizations. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (1963).
- IR8 Project in India: Staved off famine threat; high-yielding rice cultivar (IR8). Now a major global rice producer.
- IR8 Adoption: Spread to other Asian countries.
- Harvest Index: Weight of above-ground plant biomass.
- Selective Breeding: Traits like bigger seeds resulting in higher yield and biomass.
- Irrigation: Water supply.
- Reduced Crop Diversity:
- Decreased variety in high-yielding cultivars. India had over 30,000 rice varieties originally, now reduced to approx 10.
- India and China avoided starvation via IR8.
Economic Geography
- Industry: "Hard work"; industrial revolution is a process of economic transformation from agrarian and handicraft to industrial. Coined by Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883).
- Industrial Revolution
- Began in Britain in the 18th century (1760-1840).
- Second Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century in the United States and Western Europe.
- Third Industrial Revolution in 20th century, with China and India becoming significant players.
- Technological Advancements -Primary materials: iron, steel -Secondary materials: coal, steam engine, electricity, petroleum, internal combustion engine -Tertiary: Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves), Power Loom (Edmund Cartwright).
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Social/Cultural Impacts:
- Advancements in agriculture allow for larger nonagricultural populations.
- More balanced wealth distribution; decreased importance of land; increased international trade
- Redistribution of economic power; New government policies;
- Urbanization; Rise of working-class movements; New systems of authority;
- Cultural change; workers acquire new skills within an industrial setting.
-
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
- Began in Britain (tech, resources, labor, favorable conditions).
- Spread to continental Europe, North America, other parts of the world throughout 19th and 20th centuries.
- Global expansion in the latter 20th century due to international trade, technology, & multinational corporations.
Global Industrial Market
- Global Industrial Market: Manufacturing, refinement, and distribution of goods & services globally. Influences economic growth, technology, and job creation.
- Technical Advancements: Automation, robots, AI, IoT, efficiency improvements.
- Globalization: Worldwide presence of industrial businesses. Accelerated by transportation, communication, and trade regulations.
- Trade Regulations:Local, national, and international norms (environmental, safety, trade).
- Economic Influence: Infrastructure and tech investments boost GDP, employment, and growth.
Geography of Resources and Environmental Impacts
- Resources: Tangible and intangible entities with value (e.g., trees, water, air, oil, minerals). Economic, technological, social feasibility for use.
- Renewable/Non-renewable Energy: Renewability timeframe.
- Non-renewable: Fossil fuels, soils.
- Renewable: e.g., Solar, wind, hydro.
- Fossil Fuels:
- Proven Reserves: Economically & technologically feasible to extract. ~1 trillion barrels of oil, but annual consumption is about 2.5 billion. Predicted depletion in 40 years!
- Potential Reserves: Undiscovered, but estimated at 0.5 trillion barrels. Might add ~20 years of oil supply.
- Spatial Distribution of Resources:
- Philippine top product: Electronics, agricultural crops.
- Middle East and Oil:
- Middle East holds a significant portion of the world's oil reserves.
- Leading oil producers: Saudi Arabia, Iraq.
- OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Middle East). Oil export restrictions in the 1970s.
- Resource Consumption and Distribution: Unequal global equilibrium: US consumes 25% global energy, despite having only 5% of population.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of agriculture including its definition, historical evolution from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic, and the role of domestication. Discover key regions known as hearths where farming began and the significance of permanent settlements in societal development.
