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What is the primary purpose of the recording phase in accounting?
What is the primary purpose of the recording phase in accounting?
Which statement accurately describes the classifying phase of accounting?
Which statement accurately describes the classifying phase of accounting?
What does the balance sheet represent in accounting?
What does the balance sheet represent in accounting?
How is liquidity determined in a business context?
How is liquidity determined in a business context?
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Which financial statement summarizes the profitability of a business?
Which financial statement summarizes the profitability of a business?
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What does the Going Concern Assumption imply for a business?
What does the Going Concern Assumption imply for a business?
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How does the Monetary Unit Assumption affect financial measurement?
How does the Monetary Unit Assumption affect financial measurement?
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Which statement is true about the Periodicity Assumption?
Which statement is true about the Periodicity Assumption?
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When does the Accrual Basis of Accounting recognize revenue?
When does the Accrual Basis of Accounting recognize revenue?
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What distinguishes Cash Basis of Accounting from Accrual Basis?
What distinguishes Cash Basis of Accounting from Accrual Basis?
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What does the term 'liabilities' refer to in accounting?
What does the term 'liabilities' refer to in accounting?
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What is a characteristic of business transactions?
What is a characteristic of business transactions?
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Who is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Accounting'?
Who is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Accounting'?
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Which accounting element includes the total revenues earned during operation?
Which accounting element includes the total revenues earned during operation?
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Which of the following best describes a sole proprietorship?
Which of the following best describes a sole proprietorship?
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How does a corporation differ from a sole proprietorship?
How does a corporation differ from a sole proprietorship?
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What significant change occurred during the Industrial Revolution in relation to accounting?
What significant change occurred during the Industrial Revolution in relation to accounting?
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What is a key feature of partnerships?
What is a key feature of partnerships?
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Which statement best describes the primary aim of accounting?
Which statement best describes the primary aim of accounting?
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What is the underlying principle of the separate entity assumption?
What is the underlying principle of the separate entity assumption?
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What was a primary recording tool used in primitive accounting?
What was a primary recording tool used in primitive accounting?
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What major advancement in accounting took place in the 14th century?
What major advancement in accounting took place in the 14th century?
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Which type of corporation is typically owned by a small group of individuals?
Which type of corporation is typically owned by a small group of individuals?
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The financial flexibility of a business refers to its ability to:
The financial flexibility of a business refers to its ability to:
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How has accounting been influenced by the Information Age?
How has accounting been influenced by the Information Age?
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What best describes a cooperative?
What best describes a cooperative?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Accounting
- Accounting aims to provide information on business activities. It measures business activities, processes information into reports, and communicates results to decision-makers.
- Accounting is considered the language of business.
Development of Accounting
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Primitive Accounting:
- 8500 BC: Tokens were used in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) to record transactions.
- 3600 BC: Clay tablets were used to record wages in Babylonia, replacing tokens.
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Middle Ages:
- 13th-15th century: Merchandising and business thrived in Florence, Venice, and Genoa.
- 1340: Double-entry records emerged in Genoa.
- 1494: Luca Pacioli (Father of Modern Accounting) published "Summa De Arithmetica Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita," which included the concept of double-entry recording.
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Industrial Revolution:
- Mid-18th to mid-19th century: A massive increase in production led to complex transactions involving large sums of money.
- Owners assigned managers to oversee businesses, resulting in the need for financial reports to provide information about the businesses' performance.
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Information Age:
- Began in the 1950s: Computers revolutionized accounting, enabling faster, more precise, and reliable processes.
- Despite technological advancements, understanding accounting principles remains vital for professionals.
- The internet and e-commerce are transforming how accounting works.
Accounting Phases
- Recording: Financial events are translated into written accounting data in chronological order. This is known as the journal or book of original entry.
- Classifying: Similar transactions are grouped together into their respective classes. This process happens in the ledger or book of final entry.
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Summarizing: Involves the preparation of financial statements, which provide a summary of the business's financial performance.
- Income Statement: Summarizes profits or losses.
- Statement of Changes in Capital: Shows changes in the owners' ownership.
- Balance Sheet: Shows the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Capital) and the total value of each element.
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Interpreting: Analyzing the context of accounting information to understand the business's financial condition.
- Liquidity: The ability of a business to meet its short-term financial obligations, typically measured over the next 12 months.
- Solvency: The ability of a business to meet its long-term financial obligations.
- Profitability: The capacity of the business to generate income during its operations.
- Financial Flexibility: The ability to manage unexpected events, raise funds quickly, and capitalize on opportunities.
Nature of Business Transactions
- A transaction is an accomplished event that results in a change (increase or decrease) in the accounting elements.
- Characteristics of a transaction:
- A definite sum of money.
- Supported by a genuine source document (proof of the transaction).
- Has two parts: value received (debit value) and value parted with (credit value).
Types of Business
- According to Activity: Businesses are classified based on their primary activities (e.g., manufacturing, trading, services).
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According to Ownership or Organization:
- Sole Proprietorship: Owned and controlled by a single individual. The owner receives all profits and is responsible for all losses and obligations.
- Partnership: Two or more individuals contribute resources to a common fund. Partners are individually and collectively responsible for losses and obligations.
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Corporation: Ownership is divided through shares/stocks.
- Closely Held Corporation: Ownership is restricted to selected individuals, usually family members.
- Publicly Held Corporation: Ownership is open to the public.
- Cooperative: Small producers and consumers voluntarily join to form a business, which they own, control, and patronize.
Underlying Accounting Assumptions
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Separate Entity Assumption: The business is distinct from its owners' personal transactions.
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Going Concern Assumption: Assumes the business will continue operating indefinitely in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
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Monetary Unit Assumption: Transactions are measured in terms of money, using the currency where the business operates.
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Periodicity Assumption: Business activities are divided into artificial time intervals (e.g., calendar year, fiscal year) for financial reporting.
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Accrual Assumption: Revenues and expenses are recorded when they are earned or incurred, regardless of cash flow.
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Cash Basis of Accounting: Revenues are recorded when cash is received, and expenses are recorded when cash is paid.
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Example of Accrual vs. Cash Basis:
- A client receives services on August 10 for P30,000 but pays P20,000 on August 20 and settles the remaining balance on September 10.
- Accrual: Revenue is recorded on August 10.
- Cash Basis: Revenue is recorded on August 20 and September 10.
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Description
Explore the evolution of accounting from primitive practices to modern techniques. This quiz covers key historical developments, including the advent of double-entry bookkeeping. Understand how accounting has shaped business communication and decision-making throughout history.
