Introduction à la recherche médicale

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Questions and Answers

Quelle découverte a été récompensée par le prix Nobel en 2010 ?

Système immunitaire inné

Rythmes circadiens

Cellules pluripotentes

Fécondation in vitro (correct)

Quel concept sous-tend l'approche darwinienne en biologie ?

L'adaptabilité et le fitness (correct)

La réfutabilité des théories

Le déterminisme génétique fort

La mécanisation des êtres vivants

Qui a reçu le prix Nobel en 2018 pour leurs travaux sur l'immunothérapie ?

J.Hoffmann et R.Steinman

Victor Ambros et Gary Ruvkun

JP.Allison et T.Honjo (correct)

D.Julius et A.Patapoutian

Quel pourcentage de patients bénéficie efficacement des anticorps administrés?

30% Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le principe fondamental de la biologie moléculaire qui a émergé des techniques d'amplification ?

La PCR Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le coût annuel estimé par personne pour le traitement avec des anticorps monoclonaux?

100 000 $ Signup and view all the answers

Quels sont les effets secondaires potentiels de l'utilisation d'anticorps pour traiter les tumeurs?

Réaction auto-immune Signup and view all the answers

Quels deux scientifiques ont été reconnus en 2023 pour leurs travaux sur le vaccin ARN Messager ?

D.Weissman et K.Kariko Signup and view all the answers

Quel aspect de la biologie est décrit comme ayant une pauvreté en lois générales ?

La biologie en général Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le chiffre d'affaires approximatif pour le traitement des cancers cutanés par BMS avec l'ipilimumab?

5 milliards $ Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est la place des sciences humaines et sociales dans la recherche biomédicale?

Elles jouent un rôle croissant. Signup and view all the answers

Quel est l'objectif principal de la recherche translationnelle en biologie ?

Développer des applications cliniques à partir de la recherche fondamentale Signup and view all the answers

Le schéma mécaniste en biologie repose sur quelle idée fondamentale ?

Tous les caractères sont portés par une machine vivante Signup and view all the answers

Quelle méthode utilise des enquêtes et des sondages pour collecter des données dans la recherche?

Méthodes quantitatives Signup and view all the answers

Quel problème a été soulevé en France concernant la vaccination?

N°1 de l’opposition vaccinale Signup and view all the answers

Quel est l'un des objectifs de la recherche communautaire?

Répondre aux besoins de la communauté Signup and view all the answers

Quelle phase d'un essai clinique étudie les effets indésirables chez des patients malades?

Essai phase II Signup and view all the answers

Quel objectif principal est associé à l'immunothérapie dans le traitement des cancers?

Restaurer la capacité du système immunitaire Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qu'un promoteur dans le cadre d'un essai clinique?

Une personne qui prend l'initiative de l'essai Signup and view all the answers

Quels scientifiques ont reçu un prix Nobel en 2018 pour leur contribution à l'immunothérapie?

James Allison et Tasuku Honjo Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le rôle principal de l'Agence Nationale de Sécurité du médicament (ANSM) pendant un essai clinique?

Surveiller les effets indésirables Signup and view all the answers

Quelle méthodologie doit être respectée lors des recherches cliniques concernant la protection des données?

Méthodologie CNIL Signup and view all the answers

Quel effet d'un anticorps monoclonal est essentiel en immunothérapie?

Bloquer les molécules du système immunitaire Signup and view all the answers

Quel aspect est critique dans l'essai clinique de phase III?

Comparaison de l'efficacité avec un placebo Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Medical Research

Research is a process to create scientific knowledge.
Interdisciplinarity is crucial in health research.
Two main types of research exist:
- Fundamental research: creates knowledge without direct application. Examples include understanding nucleic acids and mRNA vaccines.
- Applied/conventional research: focuses on application, with a specific objective from the start. Most medical research falls into this category.
There is a difference between fundamental and applied/conventional research in health.
Medical research is evolving rapidly due to advances in data, and in methods.

Scientific Method

Observation is a key component of research.
Scientific research requires an interaction between observation and theories/tools.
Biology and clinical observations rely heavily on observation.
Scientific knowledge evolves through revolutions and changes to dominant paradigms (understandings).
Scientific progress is marked by paradigm shifts.

Biological Research

Advances in sequencing technologies are rapidly changing the field of biology.
The field has moved from studying individual genes to analyzing thousands or millions simultaneously.
This requires a new set of tools to handle and interpret the large amounts of new data.
Biological processes are complex, with multiple factors involved in determining how a living being functions.

Clincal Research

Clinical research is regulated research involving human subjects.
Clinical research is overseen by regulatory bodies to ensure ethical standards.
Research conducted with patients must address differences by levels of risk.
Different levels of clinical research include interventional and observational studies.
Clinical trials (trials done with patients) are used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medicine and other therapies
The conduct of clinical research is tightly governed by regulations and ethical guidelines.

Translational Research

It bridges fundamental science to clinical application.
It involves translating basic scientific knowledge into practical solutions (e.g., therapies).
Translational research is important for moving discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic.
It involves using animal models, or alternative in vitro models (like organoids) to study disease mechanisms.
It needs to be carefully monitored due to ethical concerns involved when dealing with living creatures.

Therapeutic Revolution

The development of vaccines and antibiotics.
The rise of immunotherapies (especially important in oncology).
The use of monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized patient treatment for many cancers.

Scientific Production

Scientific knowledge is shared within the scientific community.
Scientists communicate via publications/articles.
Scientific publications have varying levels of rigor, and prestige and are evaluated on factors like citation counts.
The impact factor of a journal shows how influential the published articles are in the field.

Research System in France

French research is distributed between universities and research organizations.
There is a challenge in coordination across these entities.
French research institutions face difficulties compared to others in terms of rankings and international recognition.

Open access publication models are increasing in popularity.
Preprints (pre-published papers) are increasingly used to share research earlier in the publication process.
The rate of knowledge sharing has increased, mainly due to the rise of online platforms.

Other

There are ethical concerns associated with research projects, especially in relation to clinical trials and experimentation on humans and non human species.
There are significant financial challenges in terms of funding for collaborative projects.
The role of large companies/industry and funding in medical research is significant and often the subject of discussion and debate.

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Description

Ce quiz aborde les fondements de la recherche médicale, en expliquant l'importance de l'interdisciplinarité et la distinction entre la recherche fondamentale et appliquée. Découvrez comment les méthodes scientifiques et les observations jouent un rôle crucial dans l'évolution des connaissances médicales.