Introduction à C++: Types de données et variables

Introduction to C++

• C++ is a general-purpose programming language that is an extension of C.
• It supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming paradigms.
• C++ is a compiled language, meaning that the code is translated into machine instructions before execution.
• It is widely used in system programming, game development, and high-performance computing.

Data Types

• C++ provides fundamental data types such as integers (int, short, long, long long), floating-point numbers (float, double, long double), characters (char), booleans (bool), and void.
• Data types define the kind of values a variable can hold and the operations that can be performed on them.
• User-defined data types can also be created, like structures and classes.

Variables and Constants

• Variables are named storage locations that hold data values.
• They must be declared with a data type before use.
• Constants are variables whose values cannot be changed after initialization.
• Constants are often declared using the const keyword.

Operators

• C++ supports various operators for performing arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations on data.
• Arithmetic operators include +, -, *, /, %.
• Logical operators include &&, ||, !.
• Bitwise operators include &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>.
• Assignment operators include =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=.

Control Structures

• Control structures dictate the flow of execution in a program.
• Conditional statements (if-else, switch) allow conditional execution of code blocks.
• Iterative statements (for, while, do-while) allow repeated execution of code blocks.

Functions

• Functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
• Functions can accept input arguments and return values.
• They promote code organization and reusability.

Arrays

• Arrays are contiguous blocks of memory that store a collection of elements of the same data type.
• Elements are accessed using their index within the array.

Pointers

• Pointers are variables that hold memory addresses.
• They allow direct manipulation of memory locations.
• Pointers are essential for dynamic memory allocation and working with data structures like linked lists.

Objects and Classes

• C++ supports object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts like classes and objects.
• Classes are blueprints for creating objects.
• Objects are instances of classes that contain data and methods (functions).
• Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are key OOP features supported in C++.

Input/Output (I/O)

• I/O operations involve reading data from and writing data to external devices or files.
• Standard input/output streams (cin, cout) are used for interaction with the console.
• File input/output operations can be performed using file streams (ifstream, ofstream).

Memory Management

• C++ provides mechanisms for dynamic memory allocation and deallocation.
• new operator allocates memory on the heap.
• delete operator deallocates memory to prevent memory leaks.

Exception Handling

• Exception handling is used to gracefully manage errors and exceptional situations during program execution.
• try, catch, and throw keywords are used to define error handling blocks.

Standard Template Library (STL)

• The STL is a set of reusable components for common tasks.
• Containers (vectors, lists, maps, sets) and algorithms (sorting, searching) are included in the STL.

Preprocessor Directives

• C++ preprocessor directives are instructions that a C++ compiler processes before compiling the code itself.
• #include directives are used to include external header files.
• #define is used to define macros that allow for code substitution.

Templates and Generics

• C++ templates allow writing generic code that can work with different data types without rewriting the code.
• This improves code reusability and reduces code duplication.

Advanced Concepts

• Operator overloading allows defining custom behavior for operators when used with user-defined types.
• Virtual functions and polymorphism allow creating flexible and extensible code.
• Namespaces organize code into logical groups to avoid naming conflicts.

Compiling and Linking

• Compiling converts C++ source code into machine code.
• Linking combines the compiled object files to form an executable program.
• Compilers like g++ are used for these processes.

Debugging

• Debugging involves identifying and resolving errors in a program.
• Debuggers help analyze program behavior step-by-step.

Modern C++ Features

• C++11 and later versions introduced several important features to enhance the language.
• Lambdas and move semantics are examples of modern C++ features.