Introducción a Redes - Clase 6

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Questions and Answers

Quale oportet considerar quando se calcula le checksum pro UDP?

  • Le checksum es calculato solmente una vice.
  • Un overflow de bits significant debe esser insimulato. (correct)
  • Le portiones significative debe inclure le transporto.
  • Solmente le bits inferior es importante.

Qual es un de los limites del checksum UDP?

  • Non pote detectar non-cambiamentos in integeres. (correct)
  • Pote esser perturbate per packets perdite.
  • Es simile a un sistema di correzione complessa.
  • Es sempre efficace pro detecter errores.

Quale de le sequentias describe le protocol UDP?

  • Requires a connection to transmit data.
  • Promotes reliability and guarantees delivery.
  • Operates sin necessitate de establecimento. (correct)
  • Delivers every packet in a strict order.

Quale es un vantaggio del protocol UDP?

<p>Permitte functionar in ambitos con servizio compromittite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale statement es ver obsolete respecto UDP?

<p>UDP sempre fornece confirmation de delivery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le methodo de demultiplexing usate per UDP?

<p>Utilizando le numero de porto de destination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale affirmation describi le caractere de UDP?

<p>UDP e un protocol de transporte connexionless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de le sequente es un caracteristica de TCP?

<p>TCP usa un 4-tuple pro demultiplexing (A), TCP ha un grande header size comparate a UDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pourquoi le demultiplexing e multiplexing es importante in le transport layer?

<p>Pro permitir que multiple flux de datos usen le medesim port (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo significa le 'best effort' service in UDP?

<p>Le datos pote esser perdite o deliverate in ordine differente (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le function del checksum in un segmento UDP?

<p>Detectar errores in le segmento transmitte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual applicationes usualmente usa UDP?

<p>Applicatones de multimedia streaming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que componentas es incluse in le header de un segmento UDP?

<p>Porta de origine, porta de destino, lunghezza, checksum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que deve esser facite se un transferitate de dato reliable es necessitate super UDP?

<p>Implementar control de congestion al nivel de applicatio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le prime action del sender UDP quando processa un messaggio de applicatio?

<p>Determinare le valores del header del segmento UDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que resulta si le checksum computate non equal le valore del campo de checksum?

<p>Le receiver rejecta le segmento como errore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale protocol face congestiones independentemente de altere segmentos?

<p>UDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le lunghezza in le header de un segmento UDP refere a:

<p>Le numero de byte del segmento UDP, includente le header (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le sequence de actiones del receiver UDP post reciper le segmento?

<p>Checkear le checksum, extraher le messaggio de applicatio, demultiplexar le messaggio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que es le principali carateristica de un applicatio usando UDP?

<p>Loss tolerantia e rate sensibilitate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le function principale del demultiplexing in TCP?

<p>Direkter le segment a un socket appropriate basate super un 4-tuple. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quot sockets TCP un server pote supportar simultaneamente?

<p>Plure, con cata una identificate per su proprio 4-tuple. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que valores constitui le 4-tuple pro un TCP socket?

<p>IP address de origine, porta de origine, IP address de destino, e porta de destino. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In le exemplo de TCP demultiplexing, que es le porta de destino commun pro tot le segments?

<p>80 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que significate 'source port' e 'dest port' in un connection TCP?

<p>Le porta de destino indica donde le packet debe ir. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo non es un parte del 4-tuple pro un connection TCP?

<p>Sequence number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual scenario ilustra el concept de demultiplexing in un server HTTP?

<p>Le server usa le 4-tuple pro separar le requests de different clients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que connectiono es tipic in demultiplexing TCP?

<p>Connection-oriented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que happens quando plure segments arriva a un server con le mesme IP de destino?

<p>Le server les demultiplexa basate super le source port e IP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le consequence de non usar un 4-tuple in TCP?

<p>Le server non sapera a qual socket dirigere le data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le principale function del layer de transport in un rete?

<p>Fornir communication logico inter processus d'application (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que face un sender durante le processar de un message de application?

<p>Divide le message in segmentos e lo passa al layer de rete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual transport protocol es un alternative a TCP?

<p>UDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rol del receiver in le layer de transport?

<p>Reassembla los segmentos in un message e lo passa al layer d'application (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le correct description del TCP?

<p>Un protocol connection-oriented que providet integritate e sequente (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le quale de le sequente es un action del layer de transport?

<p>Segmente e assembla los messages de application (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principale differantia inter TCP e UDP?

<p>TCP garantisce l'integritate del message, UDP no (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In un architettura de rete, quale parte es responsabil per le layers local e regional?

<p>Network layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un effetto de le segmentazione in le transmission de messages?

<p>Facilitar le transmission e le reassembla de messages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le quale parte del modello OSI implica le proverbi del transport layer?

<p>Application layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale protocollo garantisce la consegna affidabile e in ordine?

<p>TCP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale delle seguenti affermazioni descrive meglio UDP?

<p>È una consegna non affidabile e non ordinata. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale funzione è principalmente associata al multiplexing?

<p>Ricevere segmenti da vari socket. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cosa utilizza un host per indirizzare un segmento al socket appropriato?

<p>Indirizzi IP e numeri di porta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale opzione elenca i servizi non disponibili in UDP?

<p>Garanzie di ritardo e larghezza di banda. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual è la funzione principale della demultiplexing nel ricevitore?

<p>Utilizzare le informazioni dell'intestazione per consegnare i segmenti ricevuti al socket corretto. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual è una delle caratteristiche di TCP?

<p>Controllo di congestione. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale affermazione riguardo alla connessione orientata è vera?

<p>TCP richiede un setup di connessione prima della trasmissione dei dati. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Che tipo di segmenti TCP/UDP deve gestire l'host?

<p>Segmenti composti da dati e intestazioni IP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale è vero riguardo al flusso di informazioni tramite layer di trasporto?

<p>Il layer di trasporto permette la comunicazione tra più applicazioni simultaneamente. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale protocollo è descritto come una 'estensione senza fronzoli' di IP?

<p>UDP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Come avviene il processo di demultiplexing?

<p>Basandosi sui numeri di porta e indirizzi IP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale caratteristica distingue UDP da TCP?

<p>TCP è più complesso. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Demultiplexing

The process of separating multiple data streams at the destination, identifying the intended application for each stream, and delivering it to the appropriate application.

UDP Demultiplexing

Selecting a specific application to transmit data to, based on the destination port number.

TCP Demultiplexing

The process of selecting the correct application based on four factors: source and destination IP addresses and port numbers.

UDP Packet Delivery

Packets arrive in any order and the receiving application is responsible for putting them back together.

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Multiplexing

The process of combining multiple data streams into a single stream for transmission.

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Strato de Transporte

Il strato de transporte provide un communication logic inter processos de application sur differente hostes.

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Responsabilitates del Strato de Transporte (Sender)

Le strato de transporte es responsabile pro dividir messages de application in segmentos e pasar los al strato de rete.

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Responsabilitates del Strato de Transporte (Receiver)

Le strato de transporte es responsabile pro reassemblar segmentos in messages e pasar los al strato de application.

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TCP

TCP es un protocolo de transporte que provide un communication reliable e ordonate.

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UDP

UDP es un protocolo de transporte que provide un communication non-reliable e non-ordinate.

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Connessiones TCP (Stabile)

TCP provide un connexione stabile inter applicationes.

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Connessiones UDP (Non-Stabile)

UDP non require un connexione stabile.

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Confirmationales TCP

TCP use confirmationales pro se assicurar que omne partes del message arrivae.

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Confirmationales UDP

UDP non use confirmationales. Il non garantisce le reception de omne partes del message.

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Velocitate e Reliabilitate

TCP es plus lente que UDP, ma plus reliable.

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Demultiplexation TCP

Un processo que usa un 4-tupla pro identificar un socket TCP specific.

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4-tupla

Un gruppo de quatro valores - adresse IP del source, porto del source, adresse IP del destination, porto del destination - que identifica unicamente un socket TCP.

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Sockets TCP multiple

Un server TCP pote supportar multe sockets simultane. Cata socket es identificate per su proprie 4-tupla e es associate con un cliente different.

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Demultiplexation de segmento

Le receiver usa le quatuor valores de un 4-tupla pro diriger un segmento al correcte socket.

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Demultiplexation orientate al connection

Le protocollo TCP usa un connection-oriented demultiplexation pro differenciar entre sockets TCP multiple.

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HTTP e TCP

Le protocollo HTTP es un protocollo application que usa TCP pro communication.

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HTTP e TCP demultiplexation

Un server HTTP apprende le 4-tupla del cliente pro diriger le respondente al correcte socket.

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Demultiplexation HTTP

Le client apprende le 4-tupla del server per diriger le requeste al correcte socket.

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4-tupla in connection TCP

Le connection TCP es establite per le 4-tupla del source e del destination. Un 4-tupla es identificate per le adresse IP del source e le porto del source, e le adresse IP del destination e le porto del destination.

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Porto del source e del destination

Le porto del source e le porto del destination es usadas in le TCP per identificar le sockets TCP.

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Multiplexación

Un processo mediante o cal os datos de múltiples aplicacións se multiplícanse en un único fluxo de datos para a transmisión a través da rede.

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Demultiplexación

Un processo mediante o cal un fluxo de datos entrante da rede se descompón e se entrega ás aplicacións corretas.

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Transporte sen conexión (UDP)

Un tipo de transporte que non establece unha conexión dedicada antes de enviar datos. Os datos envíanse como unidades independentes denominadas datagramas.

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Transporte orientado a conexión (TCP)

Un tipo de transporte que establece unha conexión dedicada antes de enviar datos. Os datos envíanse en fluxo e se confirma a súa recepción.

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Transferencia de datos fiable

Un mecanismo que asegura unha entrega fiable de datos mediante a confirmación da recepción e reenviando os datos perdidos.

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Control de fluxo

Un mecanismo que controla a cantidade de datos que unha fonte pode enviar ao receptor para evitar que se sobrecargue o receptor.

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Control de congestión

Un mecanismo que controla a cantidade de datos que se inxectan na rede para evitar a congestión. Se a rede está congestionada, o emisor debe reducir a velocidade de transmisión.

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Establecimiento de conexión

Un processo que establece unha conexión dedicada entre a fonte e o receptor antes de enviar datos. Permite un intercambio de datos fiable e ordenado.

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Demultiplexación de aplicación

O uso de números de porto para identificar as aplicacións individuais nun host.

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Números de porto

Un sistema que usa números de porto para identificar as aplicacións que envían e reciben datos.

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Multidifusión

Un mecanismo que permite a unha aplicación enviar datos a varios destinatarios ao mesmo tempo.

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Difusión

Un mecanismo que permite a unha aplicación enviar datos a todos os dispositivos da rede.

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Capa de transporte

Unha capa de software que se encarga de enviar e recibir datos entre os hosts na rede.

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UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Un protocolle de nivello de transportation que non require un connection e non garantisc le transmission fidabile del datos. Il permitte al applicationes de transmetter datos in paquetes independentemente.

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Multiplexation de UDP

Le processo de un application qui transmitte datos a un protocolle de nivello de transportation, in iste caso UDP, pro transmission per le rete.

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Demultiplexation de UDP

Le processo in que un protocolle de nivello de transportation identifica le application destinate per un pacchetto e lo entrega. In UDP, isto se face per le numero de porto.

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Segmento de UDP

Un bloco de datos unitario que contine datos de application e informationes de control pro le transmission. Il ha un cabeceria de 8 bytes con informationes de control e le datos de application.

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Checksum de UDP

Un campo in le cabeceria de UDP que verifica le integritate del segmento de UDP. Il es computate per summar le bytes del segmento.

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SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

Un protocolle de nivello de application pro administration de rete. Il es usate pro collectar informationes del rete e monitorisar le functionamento del rete.

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Cliente SNMP

Un application que usa SNMP pro collectar informationes del rete.

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Server SNMP

Un application que provide informationes del rete a un cliente SNMP.

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HTTP/3

Un protocolle de nivello de application pro le transmission de paginas web. Le version 3 del protocolle usa UDP.

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DNS (Domain Name System)

Un protocolle de nivello de application pro le resolution de nomines de dominio. Il usa UDP pro trovar le adresse IP de un dominio.

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UDP checksum

Le UDP checksum es un methodo basic pro verificar le integritate de datos in un pacchetto UDP. Il compara le summa del bytes in un pacchetto con un valor pre-calculate. Si le summa es differente, il significa que le pacchetto ha essite corrupt.

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Le debilitate del UDP checksum

Le UDP checksum es relativemente debil e non pote detectar tote typos de errores. Un attacante pote manipular le datos in un pacchetto sin cambiar le checksum.

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UDP 'sin frillos'

UDP es un protocollo 'senza frillos' que non ofrece certe garantias como ordine o entrega garantite. Le receptores debe tractar con errores como perdita de datos o packets que arriva in un ordine errone.

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Le avantages de UDP

UDP es eficiente pro applicationes que require transmission rapide con un minimal de overhead. Il es utile quando le ordine de packets o le entrega garantite non es crucial.

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Construer protocollos super UDP

Le applicationes que require un nivello plus alte de fidelitate o un transmission de datos ordinete pote construir lor propri protocollos de transmission super UDP. Isto permite le accommodation de errores e le management de ordre durante le transmission.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Networks - Lecture 6

  • Transport Layer Services and Protocols: Provide logical communication between application processes on different hosts. Transport protocols handle actions within end systems.
  • Transport Protocols Actions: The sender breaks application messages into segments and passes them to the network layer. The receiver reassembles the segments into messages and passes them to the application layer.
  • Available Internet Protocols: Two protocols are available for Internet applications: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
  • Transport Layer Actions (Sender): The sender receives an application-layer message. It determines segment header field values, creates a segment, and passes it to the IP layer.
  • Transport Layer Actions (Receiver): The receiver receives a segment from the IP layer. It checks header values, extracts the application-layer message, and demultiplexes it to the appropriate application via a socket.
  • Two Principal Internet Protocols: TCP offers reliable and in-order delivery, congestion control, flow control, and connection setup. In contrast, UDP provides unreliable and unordered delivery with no frills, and no connection setup or flow control.

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

  • Multiplexing/Demultiplexing: Transport layer services encompass multiplexing and demultiplexing.
  • Connectionless Transport (UDP): Focuses primarily on demultiplexing using destination port numbers.
  • Connection-Oriented Transport (TCP): Uses a 4-tuple (source IP address, source port number, destination IP address, destination port number) for demultiplexing.

UDP: User Datagram Protocol

  • Characteristics: UDP is a "no frills" or "bare bones" protocol, providing a "best effort" service. It has no handshaking, making a connectionless transport protocol.
  • Purpose of UDP: Its use in streaming multimedia applications, DNS, SNMP, and scenarios like HTTP/3 where added application-level reliability may be required.
  • Lost/Out-of-Order Segments: UDP segments might be lost or delivered out of order.
  • UDP's Advantages: UDP offers speed by lacking connection establishment.
  • UDP's Disadvantages: It does not guarantee delivery or order, and does not feature congestion control.

UDP: Transport Layer Actions

  • UDP Sender Actions: The sender receives application data, determines UDP segment header values, creates the UDP segment, and sends it to the IP layer.
  • UDP Receiver Actions: The receiver gets a segment from the IP layer, checks the UDP checksum, extracts the message, and delivers it to the application via a socket.

UDP Segment Header

  • Structure: The UDP header includes fields like source and destination ports, length, and a checksum.

UDP Checksum

  • Goal: To detect errors in transmitted segments (like flipped bits).
  • Sender's Role: The sender calculates a checksum by adding the segment’s contents as 16-bit integers and storing the one's complement sum in the checksum field.
  • Receiver's Role: The receiver computes the checksum of the received segment. If the calculated checksum equals the expected one, it means the message is likely undamaged; otherwise, the message may contain data corruption.

Internet Checksum

  • Weaknesses: While the checksum can detect errors, it has weaknesses (can be unreliable in detecting corruption).

Summary: UDP

  • No Frills: UDP lacks a formal connection, resulting in possible lost or out-of-order segments.
  • Best-Effort: Relies on applications to add fault tolerance.
  • Speed: Achieved through not requiring connections and handling all segments independently.
  • Applications: Streaming multimedia, and similar applications that prioritize speed over guaranteed delivery.

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