Intro to Pharmacology Quiz NUPN 1010

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Questions and Answers

What does the word pharmakon translate to in Greek?

Medicine

What does the word logos translate to in Greek?

Study

What are the three main classifications of medicines?

Traditional Drugs, Biologics, Natural Alternative Therapies (correct)

Synthetic Drugs, Biologics, Natural Alternative Therapies

Synthetic Drugs, Biologics, Herbal Remedies

Prescription Drugs, Over-the-counter Drugs, Natural Supplements

Which type of medicine is produced synthetically in a laboratory?

Traditional Drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medicine is naturally produced by the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms?

Biologics (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medicine involves naturally produced substances like herbs, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements?

Natural Alternative Therapies (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of drug names?

Chemical names, generic names, trade names (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug name is assigned based on the chemical structure and components?

Chemical Name (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug name is used worldwide and is typically the same for all manufacturers?

Generic Name (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug name is a brand name or proprietary name chosen by the manufacturer?

Trade Name (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the study of how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the study of how medications affect the body?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main processes involved in pharmacokinetics?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in pharmacokinetics?

Absorption (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in pharmacokinetics?

Distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of metabolism for medications?

Liver (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for excretion of medications?

Kidneys (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the absorption of a medication?

Route of administration (A), Body surface area (B), Blood flow to the site of administration (C), Lipid solubility (D), Food in the stomach (E), pH of the environment (F), Ability to dissolve (G) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the distribution of a medication?

Protein binding (A), Anatomic barriers (B), Circulation (C), Membrane permeability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is bioavailability?

The proportion of medication that enters the circulation and has active effect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main determinants of bioavailability?

Absorption and First-pass metabolism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-pass effect?

The process of medication being metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence metabolism?

Lifestyle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main organ responsible for the excretion of waste products from the body?

Kidneys (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a prodrug?

A medication that is inactive until it is metabolized (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of an agonist drug?

It activates a receptor and triggers a response (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does efficacy refer to in pharmacodynamics?

The ability of a drug to produce a maximal response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does potency refer to in pharmacodynamics?

The strength of a drug at a certain dose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the use of more than one medication to treat the same condition or multiple conditions?

Polypharmacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the parts of a cell that medication attaches to, triggering a response?

Receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions.

Absorption = How drugs are moved into or across membranes Distribution = How drugs are moved through the body Metabolism = Chemical reactions in the body that affect drugs Excretion = How drugs are removed from the body Prodrugs = Drugs that require metabolism to make them active Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology, Pathophysiology & Medication Administration Concepts

Course title: Intro to Pharmacology, Pathophysiology & Medication Administration Concepts
Course code: NUPN 1010
Semester: Winter 2025
Topics covered: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Quiz Time

Students need to answer questions and return the quiz to the instructor

Class Objectives

CSLO16: Explore and identify basic pharmacological terms
CSLO17: Define and describe medication classifications
CSLO18: Explore and articulate the Pharmacokinetic process
CSLO19: Explore and articulate the Pharmacodynamic of medications
CSLO20: Distinguish various medication names

Reading Requirements

Lewis, S.L., et al (2019); Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., et al (2019). Chapter 34 P: 728-756 (Recommended)
Holland, L., Adams, M.P., Brice, J.L. (2015) p.3-5; 15-21 (Recommended)

Pharmacology and Medication

Pharmacology: The study of medications/drugs
In Greek:
- Pharmakon → Medicine
- Logos → Study
Medications: Chemical products producing biological responses within the body to treat/prevent diseases
Uses of medications/drugs:
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Treatment of diseases/health conditions

Medicines Classification

Traditional Drugs:
- Synthetically produced in laboratories
- Routinely prescribed and administered by healthcare workers
Biologics:
- Naturally produced by the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms
- Routinely prescribed and administered by healthcare workers
Natural Alternative Therapies:
- Naturally produced (herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements)
- Manipulative and body-based practices (physical therapy, massage)
- Hypnosis
- Acupuncture

Pharmacological Concepts

Drug Names:
- Chemical, trade, generic names; Medications often have multiple names
Therapeutic Classification:
- Medications classified based on their pharmacological mechanisms and preferred effects
Medication Forms:
- Solid, liquid, topical, instillation into body cavities, parenteral (e.g., injections)

Drug Names (Details)

Chemical Name: Based on the drug's chemical structure and components (e.g., (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl phenyl) propanoic acid)
Generic Name: Single name used globally (e.g., Ibuprofen)
Trade Name: Brand name marketed by manufacturers (e.g., Advil, Motrin)

Therapeutic Classification (Examples)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID): Ibuprofen, Diclofenac
Anti-infective: Penicillin
Immunostimulant: Vaccines
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine
Nonopioid Analgesics: Acetaminophen
Opioid Analgesics: Fentanyl

Medication Forms/Availability

Solid (tablets, capsules)
Liquid (syrups, drops)
Topical (ointments)
Transdermal (patches)
Parenteral (ampules, vials)
Instillation into body cavities (suppositories)
Inhalation (sprays)

What are the trade/generic names

Trade names: e.g. Advil, Motrin
Generic names: e.g. Ibuprofen

What does happen when we take medication?

Pharmacokinetics: How the body changes the medication (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
Pharmacodynamics: How the medication changes the body (mechanism of action)

Pharmacokinectics (Definition)

The study of how medications enter, reach their site of action, metabolize and exit the body

Putting it all together

Video resource available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jiml3iGBs88 (3.47 min)

Pharmacokinetics: How Body Changes Medication

The steps involved are Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME)

Factors Influencing Absorption

Route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous)
Medication's ability to dissolve
Stomach contents
Blood flow to the administration site
Body surface area
Lipid solubility of medication

What Factors Influence Distribution

Circulation
Membrane permeability
Anatomic barriers (blood-brain barrier, blood-placenta barrier)
Protein Binding and its risk implications
Bioavailability

How does Bioavailability affect Medication?

Bioavailability: The proportion of a drug that enters the bloodstream and has an active effect.
Factors that determine bioavailability: absorption, first-pass metabolism

Pharmacokinectics: Metabolism

Biotransformation: The liver is the main site for metabolizing drugs; it converts active forms into less active or inactive forms for easier removal from the body.
Where does it occur besides the liver? Lungs, Kidneys, Blood and Intestine
Specialized structures in these organs will oxidize and transform many toxic substances.

Factors influencing metabolism in the body

First pass effect (drugs are metabolized in the liver before reaching the systemic circulation)
Age, genetics, gender, BMI, kidney and liver disease influence metabolism rates.

Bioavailability (Details)

The proportion of a drug reaching a site of action.
Factors that determine bioavailability include absorption and first-pass metabolism.
Different routes of administration influence bioavailability.

Critical Thinking Questions: Bioavailability

Which has more bioavailability, a tablet by mouth or a suppository? Why?
Which has more bioavailability, a pill or an injection? Why?
How to choose what's right for a patient?

What happens in liver disease regarding medications?

Liver disease impacts medication metabolism, potentially leading to adverse effects due to slowed or altered metabolism.

Pharmacokinectics: Excretion

How drugs are removed from the body
Kidneys (primary organ) --> urine
Liver --> bile
Bowels (defecation)
Lungs, Excerine glands (sweating, milk)
Role of kidneys: removing non-natural and harmful agents from the bloodstream and keeping balance of other natural substances

What happens when a kidney doesn't function properly?

Why is Pharmacokinectics Important?

Providing information to the nurse about how the body handles a drug.

Medication Dose Response

Half-life: Time to reduce drug concentration by 50%
Onset: Time for a response to occur after administration.
Peak: Highest drug concentration in the blood.
Duration: Time drug maintains its effect.

Types of Medication Action

Therapeutic effects: Expected physiological responses
Side effects: Unintended, predictable effects
Adverse effects: Severe, negative responses
Toxic effects: Prolonged intake leading to excess amounts
Idiosyncratic reactions: Rare and unpredictable overreactions/underreactions

Allergy Reactions

Mild: Unpredictable response (medication allergy, hyper-response of body defense mechanisms)
Severe (Anaphylactic): Life-threatening, involving multiple organ systems (central nervous system, respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin)

Drug Guide

Indication: Conditions the drug treats, approved by FDA.
Action: Mechanism of therapeutic effects.
Route: How it enters the body.
Availability: Forms of the drug.
Interactions: When one drug modifies another's action.
Synergistic effect: Combined effect is greater than individual effects

Polypharmacy

Use of multiple medications to treat the same illness or treating multiple issues simultaneously.
Risk factors for self-medication and when multiple medications are needed simultaneously.

Pharmacodynamics vs Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug (ADME process)

What is Pharmacodynamics?

How a drug changes the body
Mechanisms of drug action: binding to receptors, changes in membrane excitability, etc.

Receptors

Structural components on cell surfaces, in cytoplasm, or in the nucleus.
Drugs bind to receptors to create effects (e.g., activate or block).

How Do Drugs Act at the Receptor Level?

Agonists: Activate receptors to produce a response.
Antagonists (Blockers): Block receptor activation.

Describe the ability of drugs therapy

Potency: Strength of a drug at a specific dose
Efficacy: Ability of a drug to produce a response

Critical Question (Efficacy vs. Potency)

Which is more crucial: Efficacy (clinical effectiveness) OR Potency (drug strength).

Class Activity

Review abbreviation sheet
Complete mix and match activity
Matching activity: link words and phrases to their intended meaning (matching activity requires matching words to meanings).

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Description

Test your knowledge on key pharmacological concepts, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, in this quiz for the course Introduction to Pharmacology, Pathophysiology & Medication Administration Concepts. Dive deep into medication classifications and the processes that govern drug action and metabolism.