Intro to Nursing & Midwifery

Introduction

• Presentation discusses nursing and midwifery topics
• The lecturers email address is [email protected]

Learning Objectives

• Explain how historical events influenced modern nursing
• Discuss Florence Nightingale's impact on current practices
• Identify 10 Nightingale's principles still in use
• Discuss trends impacting nursing in the 21st century

What is Nursing?

• Nursing utilizes specialized skills to encourage wellness
• Nursing provides care for those both in good health and ill
• Nursing occurs across a variety of settings

Importance of Health (WHO, 1948)

• Health promotes physical, mental, and social well-being
• Health requires harmony between physical, mental, and social dimensions
• Nurses are integral members of the health care profession
• Nurses care for the sick, wounded, children, and elderly
• Nurses need to adjust and adapt to new situations constantly

Nursing Traits

• Nursing focuses on caring, which gives nursing practice a uniting basis which also informs human life
• Current nursing includes ideas from the the basic sciences, the social sciences, and current affairs
• Nursing uniquely addresses individual and family responses in a humanistic and holistic manner
• Nurses act as caregivers, decision-makers, advocates, educators, counselors, managers, researchers, and team players
• Nursing cares for the physical, psychosocial, economic and spiritual well-being, promoting health and preventing illness
• Nursing autonomously and collaboratively cares for people of all ages, families, communities, regardless of health, and provides palliative care

Defining Nursing

• The origin of word stems from the Latin "NUTRITURA" or "NUTRIO," meaning nurture
• Florence Nightingale defined nursing as facilitating nature to take control, while providing the patient with a comfortable space, and utilizing the environment to assist in recovery
• Henderson viewed nursing as caring for individuals in relation to their environment, emphasizing nurse interaction with clients and advocating for the teaching role

International Council of Nurses (ICN) Definition

• Nursing balances both art and science with attitudes skills and knowledge
• Virginia Henderson defined nursing as aiding both the sick or well
• The aim is to enable them in activities contributing to health or its recovery and to help patients gain independence as quickly as possible

Royal College of Nursing (2003) Definition

• Nursing serves for health, growth, and development
• Nursing helps prevent disease, illness, injury, and disability
• Based on a WHO Publication. nursing has its foundation in science and art
• Nursing targets helping individuals, families, and communities in illness and in health
• Nursing seeks a self-reliance in addressing everyday health requirements, while preventing further issues, lessening mental and bodily pain

The International Council of Nurses (2002) definition of nursing captures the concept which means

• Autonomous and collaborative care for everyone in all settings
• Nursing entails the promotion of wellness
• Nursing entails prevention of illness
• Nursing aids the ill, the disabled and those who are dying
• Research
• Advocacy
• Education
• Policies related to health

Nursing Compositions

• Nursing is an art
• Nursing is a science
• Nursing is a profession

Nursing as an Art

• Nursing applies practical knowledge to help others function
• Nursing addresses various nursing concerns
• Nursing cares for human beings with specialized skill to meet health needs
• Nursing gives care based on concepts, requiring sensitivity when interacting with threatened, dying people
• Nursing calls for kindness, willingness and compassion

Nursing as a Science

• Nursing gives evidence-based care.
• Nursing addresses human needs and problems
• The method of the nursing science builds from problem-solving through the nursing process
• In tandem, nurses add data, with the understanding of both patient experiences, using scientific knowledge, and creating a caring dynamic for facilitating healing

Nursing as a SCIENCE

• Nurses study biology and the social sciences
• Nurses study physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pharmacology, hygiene, nutrition, social and public health, general medicine, and surgery
• These sciences form the foundation of understanding the human body, in terms of abnormal and internal functions

Nursing as a Profession

• Nursing adheres to rules that support the needs of humanity
• Nursing balances special skill, attitude, and knowledge
• Trained nurses require licensing from their state
• Nursing can be independent to statues and principles

Profession Defining Criteria For Nursing

• Well-defined field of unique knowledge
• Focus on service
• Recognized by professionals
• Governed by a code of ethics
• Professional standards
• Continuing research
• Independent operation

Nursing as a Calling

• Nursing cares for family, community, society, nation, and the world Nursing tends body, mind, and soul, and also gives services across the globe
• Nursing is no longer only illness care
• The profession emphasizes overall well-being for families, communities and patient care

Nursing's Aims and Scope

• Promoting health
• Preventing illness
• Restoring health
• Helping to cope with death or disability

Nurse Aim Requirements

• Nurses use knowledge, skills, and critical thinking skills
• Nurses must have cognitive, technical, interpersonal, ethical, and legal competence

Cognitive Skills

• Nurses think and assess ideas
• Use critical thinking for planning
• Able to use a scientific rationale and solve problems in novel ways

Technical Skills

• Nurses achieve results
• Nurses work with equipment
• Nurses need coordination to work hands and eyes together to address malfunctions
• Successfully reaching goals uses equipment safely and easily
• Nurses adjust technical procedures to adjust to patients

Interpersonal Skills

• Nurses must value meaningful aims and relationships
• Nurses should use interactions to appreciate the value of the people around us
• Nurses must see valued and healthy abilities
• Also to share valued ideas
• Nurses should collaborate cordially, and credibly

Needed Ethical/Legal Skills

• The ethical and qualified conduct aligns with moral and professional responsibilities
• Needed Skills for Nurses:
  • Be trusted to help patients
  • Be accountable
  • Be an advocate
  • Mediate ethical concerns
  • Practice professional ethics
  • Abide by legal standards

Nurses Role and Function as Caregivers

• Using a blend of the science and art of nursing to handle concerns concerning the physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural, and mental needs
• Promoting wellness through teaching
• Counseling
• Leadership
• Collaboration
• Acting as advocates
• Collaboration is a primary role

Role and Function as Communicators

• Therapeutic skills to give care effectively and sustain support

Teacher/Educator Role

• Applying methods for communication to evaluate the individual

Counselor Role

• Applying effective communication abilities to inform

Leader Role

• Providing care and executing modifications as a confident practice

Researcher Role

• Nurses should take part in studies to gain and apply understanding with knowledge

Advocate Role

• Safeguarding patients’ rights

Examples of Nursing Settings

• Hospitals
• Ambulatory surgery
• Emergency helicopter services
• Clinics
• Homes
• Educational centers
• Public health offices
• Doctors’ offices
• Industry
• Long term care
• Mobile Health units
• Schools
• Offices
• Hospice
• Mental Health Facilities
• State Health Programs
• Skilled care facilities
• Churches
• Prisons

Nursing History

• Nursing overlaps women's history
• Nurses should be qualified and have knowledge
• Nursing first occurred unguided

Pre-Christian Nursing

• In ancient times, illness had spiritual implications, whether punishment, evil, etc
• Religious books mention care of the sick
• India and Babylonia had centers for the sick before Christ
• Greeks started recognizing causes of illness during 500 BC

Symbols in Healthcare

• Staffs of Aesculapius and caduceus are modern symbols of medicine from mythical people
• Aesculapius used massage exercises
• Aesculapius may have used a yellow, non-poisonous magical snake
• Symbol is the staff in medicine
• Mercury has a snake winged staff

Christian Era

• Christ influenced medicine
• Established visiting nurses, like modern day, modern nurses
• Christian women like Phoebe fed the hungry

Cont. Christian Era

• Men functioned as nurses
• Sisters distinguished themselves in nursing and were founders
• Saint Fabiola had a Rome hospital
• Nursing was religious

Middle Ages

• Organized nursing
• There were organizations
• Military orders
• Regular religious orders
• Circular orders

Reformation Era

• Before Protestant Reformation, hospitals were organized by the Catholic Church
• Religious introduction declined activities
• Nuns driven away
• Criminals provided care
• Increase of mortality
• Nursing image destroyed
• Florence Nightingale era
• Era called dark ages

Florence Nightingale

• Founder of modern nursing
• Life was legendary
• Such as nursing existed
• When she passed nursing became profession

Florence Nightingale

• Born in 1820 in Italy
• Was named after her birthplace
• Family was wealthy
• She received good schooling
• She learned German, French and Italian fluently
• English and helpful for studying
• She was seeking to gain approval to gain Salisbury hospital experience

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Cont

• Met Herbert, friend in Rome, who was interested in management
• Herbert invited Nightingale to the Crimea war
• Flienders in KaiserWorth helped train
• She became the superintendent
• Her father was supportive and gave her funds

Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War

• Britain, France, Turkey declared war against Russia in 1854
• Florence volunteered
• She organized 38 nurses in Scutari, Turkey to aid
• Filthy medical wards
• Inadequate equipment

Florence Nightingale

• British army broke down
• Her task seemed difficult
• She sanitized to reduce death from 42.7% to 2.2% in six months
• She visited her patients with light
• She was termed "The lady with the lamp"

Florence Nightengale's Accomplishments Cont.

• Contracted fever in 1855 and recovered in 1856
• She was returned to England
• Her birthday now marks Internaltional Nurses Day
• Nightingale established a school in her name to help train new professional nurses
• Nightingale had great impact
• Nightingale died in 1910.

Florence Nightingale: Contribution to Nursing

• Identifying a patient's needs
• Creating the forst training
• Setting standards for hospitals
• Occupations for women
• Establishing instruction
• Finding 2 parts, which are health, and illnesses

Nightingale's Contributions Cont.

• Her definition of science and art in the area of nursing
• Believing it's distinct from medicine
• Recognizing nutrition
• Introducing rec therapy
• Stressing for continuing ed
• Accurately recording is the beginnings of research

Nursing Specialty

• Clinical nurse
• Midwife
• Practitioner
• Anesthetists
• Teacher
• Researcher
• Administrator
• Lawyer
• Nurse specialized in eye care
• Specialized in drawing blood

Key Contributors

• Clara Barton: American Red founder
• Many Mahoney- First American for African ancestry
• Isabel Robb leaders- Robb helped people and Isabel Robb help educate
• Florence Nightingale reformers helped education

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANIZATION

• US nurses help US associations and students with professional guidance

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANISATION ANA

• Nurses are the group for the US
• The mission is lobbying
• It aims to promote ethical standards

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANISATION NLN

• Focus on all people that are interested in nursing
• Its aims are for development in 1952
• Testing, which are professional testing services for all

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANISATION AACN

• It helps for baccalaureate level and higher levels of nursing training
• The program seeks quality
• There are education programs

INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANISATION(ICN)

• Founded by 84 countries
• Found the organization for women
• The aim helps health
• Assists national education

West Africa College Of Nursing (WACN)

• Based in Lagos lifted the standard
• Goals
  • The quality of training
  • Assist in educating all at a certain level
  • Research
  • Program of continuing education

West Africa Faculty Activities

• It has activities
  • Medical work
  • Kids health
  • Health
  • Mental work
  • Education

COMMONWEALTH NURSES FEDERATION (CNF)

• A goal is national
• Activities for wealth and leadership and better work

Nurses Council

• Requirements
  • Be a nurse
  • Have a license
  • Graduate and be sound
  • The person has to be certified by country or by country's qualifications

Ghana history of health care

• Had missionaries by 1800s
• Ghana started colonialist nurses by that time that made ten men nurses in the early 1900s
• Lectures are given by these nurses.
• Ghana had nurses schools by this type
• All nurses needed some knowledge

NURSING AND RELATED LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

• GRMNA. helps and had an aim
  • It helps train
  • Promote work
  • Protect work and help with research

Registration Information

• Ghana needed
• They also assist in some level

Nursing and Midwifery Council

• The goal is midwifery
• It has high education quality
• Also provides services
• This is a standard procedure for students

Function Responsibilities

• Establishing professional standards

Good Nursing

• A good nurse has the quality of honesty
• A good nurse has the desire and stand firm for what they know is correct and just
• A good nurse is never appear in a hurry, they act wisely
• A good nurse is also up To date.

Roles and Responsibility

• A good nurse works to have health
• A good nurse has patients health must kept be under
• A good nurse is safe and helps rehabilitate as well

Roles and Duties

• Keep place clean and safe
• Patients need help with the bed rest and and clean.
• Help and ensure safety
• Offer clean clothing

Roles, Medical Responsibilities

• Ensure diet is being administered
• Ensure safe feeding in the proper amount
• Observe the intakes and requirements

Helping with patient needs.

• Helping with a bedpan
• Help ambulating and getting up
• Ensure cleanliness

Rehab

• Help heal and walk again through care and instructions

Emergencies

• Try to have emergencies not be accidents and make decisions based on skill knowledge.

Patient Communication

• The nurse has observe patient care
• They need to understand care as a medical team

Duty Patient Care

• Doctors should be served to be care drug as needed
• Vitals and records should be frequent as needed
• Dressing and healing should be known

Member of health Team

• Nurses in the team should communicate effectively.
• Patient should has be care for

A Pledge Requirements

• Receive medical training
• Give knowledge and service

Nursing Today

• The acuity in hospitals and shift of community-based service needs technology and autonomy.

Nursing Today Cont

• As we age and need assistance medical advances give autonomy and prevent chronic condition

References

• Rosdahl, C. B., & Kowalski, M. T. (2012). Textbook of Basic Nursing (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Paech, M. (2007). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (6th ed.). In Contemporary Nurse (Vol. 24, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2007.24.1.106a