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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the scientific study of chemistry?
What is the primary focus of the scientific study of chemistry?
Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and transformations?
Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and transformations?
What is the positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom?
What is the positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom?
What is the term for a force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
What is the term for a force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
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What is the term for a tabular display of the known elements, organized by their atomic number?
What is the term for a tabular display of the known elements, organized by their atomic number?
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What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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Who introduced the concept of an element in chemistry?
Who introduced the concept of an element in chemistry?
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What is the characteristic of metals that makes them useful in various applications?
What is the characteristic of metals that makes them useful in various applications?
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What is the difference between metals and non-metals in terms of their physical properties?
What is the difference between metals and non-metals in terms of their physical properties?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
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What is the term for elements that exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals?
What is the term for elements that exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals?
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Which of the following non-metals is an exception to the rule that non-metals are dull and cannot be polished?
Which of the following non-metals is an exception to the rule that non-metals are dull and cannot be polished?
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What is a common characteristic of non-metals?
What is a common characteristic of non-metals?
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What is a characteristic of metals?
What is a characteristic of metals?
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What is true about compounds?
What is true about compounds?
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What type of compound is common salt?
What type of compound is common salt?
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What is a characteristic of chemical compounds?
What is a characteristic of chemical compounds?
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What occurs during the formation of compounds?
What occurs during the formation of compounds?
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Study Notes
Definition of Chemistry
- Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter.
Branches of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry: study of inorganic compounds, which are typically derived from mineral sources.
- Organic Chemistry: study of organic compounds, which are typically derived from living organisms.
- Physical Chemistry: study of the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and transformations.
- Analytical Chemistry: study of the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
- Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms: the building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutrons: particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus of an atom.
- Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Periodic Table
- Periodic Table: a tabular display of the known elements, organized by their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus).
- Elements: substances that consist of only one type of atom.
- Compounds: substances that consist of two or more different elements.
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond: a force that holds atoms together in a molecule.
- Covalent Bond: a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Ionic Bond: a bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Reaction: a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.
- Reactants: the substances that are consumed in a chemical reaction.
- Products: the substances that are formed in a chemical reaction.
- Chemical Equation: a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols.
Stoichiometry
- Stoichiometry: the study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
- Mole: a unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
- Molar Mass: the mass of one mole of a substance.
Definition of Chemistry
- Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter.
Branches of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry studies inorganic compounds derived from mineral sources.
- Organic Chemistry studies organic compounds derived from living organisms.
- Physical Chemistry studies the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and transformations.
- Analytical Chemistry studies the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
- Biochemistry studies the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutrons are particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus of an atom.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Periodic Table
- The Periodic Table is a tabular display of the known elements, organized by their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus).
- Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom.
- Compounds are substances that consist of two or more different elements.
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond is a force that holds atoms together in a molecule.
- Covalent Bond is a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Ionic Bond is a bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.
- Reactants are the substances that are consumed in a chemical reaction.
- Products are the substances that are formed in a chemical reaction.
- Chemical Equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols.
Stoichiometry
- Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
- Mole is a unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
- Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
Elements
- The term "element" was introduced by French chemist Lavoisier, who defined it as the simplest or basic form of a pure substance that cannot be broken down further by physical or chemical means.
- Elements are classified into three types based on their properties: Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids.
Types of Elements
- Metals: Can form positive ions by losing electrons. Examples: Na, Mg.
- Non-metals: Form negative ions by gaining electrons. Examples: C, P.
- Metalloids: Show properties of both metals and non-metals.
Comparison of Metals and Non-metals
- Malleability and Ductility: Metals are malleable and ductile, while non-metals are brittle.
- Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are poor conductors (except diamond and graphite).
- Appearance: Metals are lustrous and can be polished, while non-metals are non-lustrous and cannot be polished (except iodine).
- State at Room Temperature: Metals are typically solid, while non-metals may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
- Strength and Tensile Strength: Metals are strong and tough, while non-metals are generally soft and have low tensile strength (except diamond).
- Sonorousness: Metals are sonorous, while non-metals are not.
- Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have relatively low melting and boiling points (except graphite).
- Density: Metals have high densities, while non-metals have low densities (except iodine).
- Color: Metals usually have a silver or grey color (except gold and copper), while non-metals have various colors.
Compounds
- A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed proportion by mass.
- Compounds are classified into two types: Inorganic and Organic.
Characteristics of Compounds
- Composition: A pure compound is composed of the same elements combined in a fixed ratio by mass.
- Homogeneity: A pure compound is homogeneous in nature.
- Formation: A chemical compound is formed as a result of a chemical reaction between constituent elements.
- Separation: Constituents of a chemical compound cannot be separated mechanically.
- Energy Changes: Formation of compounds involves energy changes.
- Melting and Boiling Points: Compounds have sharp melting and boiling points.
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Description
Learn about the definition and branches of chemistry, including inorganic, organic, physical, and analytical chemistry.
