Questions and Answers
What percentage of the body's energy does the brain consume?
25%
How do neurons communicate in the brain?
Through electrical and chemical signals
What is the primary focus of biopsychology?
The study of the biology of behavior
Who is credited with influencing the field of biopsychology with his book 'The Organization of Behaviour'?
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What is the term for the study of the biology of behavior?
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What is the term for the scientific study of the nervous system?
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Which of the following divisions of biopsychology is concerned with the study of the effects of drugs on behavior?
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What is a characteristic of the divisions of biopsychology?
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What type of neurons are located close to the spinal cord?
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What is the function of sympathetic neurons in threatening situations?
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Where do parasympathetic neurons leave the CNS from?
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What type of neurons travel longer distances before contacting second stage neurons?
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What is the role of sympathetic neurons in the body?
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Where do sympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord from?
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What is the characteristic of second stage neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons?
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What is the main function of the afferent nerves in the somatic nervous system?
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What is the main difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the function of the efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's internal functions, such as heart rate and digestion?
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What is the function of the sympathetic nerves in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
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What is the main function of the central nervous system?
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What is the main function of the barrier in the blood vessels of the CNS?
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What is the outer layer of a neuron made up of?
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What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a neuron?
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What is the term for the railroad tracks used to transport vesicles in a neuron?
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What type of neuron has a single extension from the cell body?
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What is the term for the group of cell bodies in the CNS?
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What type of glial cell is responsible for myelination in the CNS?
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What is the function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
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What type of glial cell is responsible for responding to injury or disease?
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What is the term for the group of axons in the CNS?
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What is the characteristic shape of parametal cells in the neocortex?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the 'old cortex' structure?
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Why does the cerebral cortex have a wrinkled structure?
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What type of neurons are stellate cells primarily composed of?
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What is the characteristic of the columnar organization of the neocortex?
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What is the term for the bumps on the surface of the cerebral cortex?
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What is a characteristic difference between the layers of the cerebral cortex?
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What is the term for the type of cortex that has folds, such as the human cerebral cortex?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biopsychology
- The brain consumes 25% of the body's energy despite only making up 2% of its weight.
- The brain communicates through neurons using electrical and chemical signals, with an infinite number of possible signal paths.
- Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, and biopsychology is a field that focuses on how the brain generates behavior and cognitive functions.
The Brain and Behavior
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, while bio refers to the scientific study of biology.
- Biopsychology is a rapidly growing field that combines these two disciplines to study the biology of behavior.
- Dr. D.O. Hebb's work, "The Organization of Behaviour" (1949), was influential in establishing biopsychology as an integrative discipline.
- Biopsychology considers various subfields, including neuropharmacology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and neuroendocrinology.
Divisions of Biopsychology
- Physiological psychology
- Psychopharmacology
- Neuropsychology
- Psychophysiology
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Comparative psychology
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord, housed in protective bony structures
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): outside the cranium and vertebrae column
- Somatic nervous system: interacts with external environment
- Afferent nerves: bring in sensory information from outside to the CNS
- Efferent nerves: take out signals from the CNS to the external environment
- Autonomic nervous system: interacts with internal environment, regulates body internally
- Afferent nerves: bring in signals from internal organs to the CNS
- Efferent nerves: take out signals from the CNS to internal organs
- Somatic nervous system: interacts with external environment
Neurons and Glial Cells
- Neurons: cells of the nervous system, with a membrane and embedded proteins
- External features of neurons:
- Dendrites: receive signals from other cells
- Axon: carries signals to the end of the neuron
- Synaptic vesicles: contain neurotransmitters
- Internal features of neurons:
- Nucleus: contains genetic material
- Mitochondria: site of aerobic energy release
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum: site of protein synthesis
- Fluid endoplasmic reticulum: site of fat synthesis
- Cytoplasm: internal environment of the cell
- Glial cells:
- Oligodendrocytes: CNS only, myelinate axons
- Schwann cells: PNS only, myelinate axons
- Microglial cells: respond to injury or disease
- Astrocytes: largest glial cells, cover blood vessels that supply the CNS
Neocortex Organization
- Different types of cells located in the layers of the neocortex
- Parametal cells: multipolar neurons with a parameter shape
- Stellate cells: shaped like stars, short axons, mainly interneurons
- Differences in the layers of the cerebral cortex
- Size of cell bodies
- Density of cell bodies
- Relative proportions of parametal and stellate cells
- Columnar organization of the neocortex
- Vertical connections across layers due to dendrites of parametal cells
- Neurons in a given column form a mini-circuit
- Thickness of the different layers may vary
Old Cortex Structure
- Hippocampus: located on the medial edge of the cerebral cortex, has 3 layers, and is involved in memory function
- Wrinkled structure: cerebral cortex has folds, increasing cortical area without increasing the size of the cranium
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Description
Explore the basics of biopsychology, including the brain's energy consumption, neural communication, and the study of neuroscience and its relation to behavior and cognitive functions.
