Questions and Answers
Which type of fluid has a lesser concentration and contains fewer solutes than blood plasma?
What is the normal osmolarity of the blood?
Isotonic fluid has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma?
True
Hypertonic fluid has a higher concentration of solutes than blood plasma?
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What is the primary use of crystalloids?
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What is the most commonly used crystalloid fluid?
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The formula for drops per minute is IV Volume in mL X ____ / Time in min.
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Match the IV fluid types with their characteristics:
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What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
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Homeostasis refers to the state of balance of body fluid.
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What term is used to denote both water and electrolytes?
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About two-thirds of body fluid is _____ and one-third is _____ fluid.
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Which of the following statements about body water distribution is true?
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What is the primary purpose of electrolytes in the body?
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What process involves the movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?
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What is IV therapy?
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Match the physiological forces with their processes:
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Study Notes
Overview of Intravenous Therapy
- Body fluids are categorized into three compartments: intracellular, intravascular, and interstitial.
- Homeostasis refers to maintaining a balance of body fluids.
- Body fluid consists of water and electrolytes; body water refers solely to water.
Types of Body Fluid
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF): The fluid within cells.
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, divided into intravascular (blood vessels) and interstitial (between cells).
- 2/3 of body fluid is ICF, and 1/3 is ECF (including 1/4 as intravascular and 3/4 as interstitial).
Body Water Distribution
- Water constitutes 50-60% of total body weight.
- Bones are about 1/3 water; muscles and brain cells contain 70% water.
- Higher water-to-body weight ratio in lean individuals compared to obese individuals.
Functions of Water in the Body
- Shapes and forms cells, regulates body temperature, and cushions organs.
- Acts as a solvent for nutrients and transports them while removing metabolic waste.
Electrolytes
- Electrolytes are compounds that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.
- Key electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Magnesium (Mg2+).
- Electrolytes play critical roles in neuromuscular function, osmolarity balance, and acid-base regulation.
Measurement of Electrolytes
- Measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
- Cations: Positively charged ions (e.g., Na+, K+).
- Anions: Negatively charged ions.
Movement of Body Fluids
- Fluid movement through membranes involves physiological processes: diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration, a passive process not requiring energy.
- Osmosis: Water movement from low solute concentration to high concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
- Active Transport: Movement against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Regulators of Fluid Balance
- Influenced by factors such as fluid and food intake, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys.
Intravenous Therapy (IV Therapy)
- IV therapy involves administering fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, or medications via venous access.
- Prescribed for treating or preventing fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Purposes of IV Therapy
- Supply fluids when oral intake is insufficient; provide essential salts and electrolytes.
- Administer glucose as a primary energy source; deliver parenteral nutrients.
- Create a lifeline for the rapid delivery of medications.
Nursing Highlights for IV Therapy
- Assess the therapy's purpose and monitor electrolyte balance.
- Select appropriate equipment and confirm solution orders.
- Document patient education regarding the procedure and any allergies.
Nursing Checklist for Venepuncture Site
- Identify contraindications (e.g., infections, post-mastectomy, paralysis).
- Avoid sites with circulatory or neurological impairments.
Types of Parenteral Fluids
- Hypotonic Fluids: Less than 290 mmol/L, cause fluid to shift into cells.
- Isotonic Fluids: Approximately 290 mmol/L, increase extracellular fluid volume.
- Hypertonic Fluids: Greater than 290 mmol/L, draw fluid out of cells into the intravascular space.### Intravascular Fluid Dynamics
- Stays within the intravascular compartment with no fluid shifts.
- Hydrates cells but can lead to cellular swelling.
- Lowers osmotic pressure, prompting fluid to move into cells.
- Infusing fluid beyond tolerance may result in cardiac overload and water intoxication.
Hypertonic Fluid
- Defined as hyperosmolar, with a concentration greater than 290 mmol/L.
- Contains a higher solute concentration than blood plasma.
- Increases blood plasma osmotic pressure, drawing fluid from cells.
- Excessive infusion can lead to cellular dehydration.
IV Fluid Classification
- Crystalloids: Aqueous solutions of mineral salts or water-soluble molecules (e.g., normal saline at 0.9% sodium chloride).
- Commonly used for rehydration and electrolyte replacement.
- Colloids: Contain larger, insoluble molecules (e.g., gelatin), less readily absorbed into the vascular bed.
- Utilized for blood volume expansion, maintaining healthy blood pressure, and replacing lost blood.
IV Flow Rate Formulas
- Drops per minute (gtts/min):
- Formula: (IV Volume in mL × Drop factor) ÷ Time in min.
- Flow rate in mL/hr:
- Formula: Total mL ÷ Hours.
IV Equipment
- IV Catheter/Cannula: Essential for delivery of fluids and medications.
-
IV Set/Infusion Set:
- Macro set: Drop factor of 15 or 20 drops/mL (depends on manufacturer).
- Micro set: Drop factor of 60 drops/mL, suitable for pediatric use.
IV Administration Accessories
- Soluset: For regulated flow of IV fluids.
- IV Regulator Set: Controls flow and pressure of the infusion.
- 3-Way Stopcock: Allows multiple IV infusions or blood draws.
Complications of IV Therapy
- Potential complications may arise but were not specified in the provided text.
Acknowledgements
- Presentation acknowledges contributions by Slidesgo, Flaticon, and Freepik.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental principles of intravenous therapy, including fluid compartments and essential nursing practices. Designed for healthcare professionals, it aims to enhance understanding and application of IV therapy in clinical settings.
