Intramolecular Forces Quiz

Intramolecular Forces

• Intramolecular forces are the forces that occur within a molecule or between two atoms.
• They are significantly stronger than intermolecular forces.

Types of Intramolecular Forces

• Three main types of intramolecular forces: ionic, metallic, and covalent.
• Ionic bonds involve electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions, known as Coulombic attraction.

Bonding Energy and Types

• Bond energy varies according to bond types: single bonds have the lowest energy, while triple bonds have the highest energy.
• Atoms bond to lower their potential energy, enhancing stability.

Bond Length and Atomic Relations

• Bond length is influenced by atomic radius; closer atoms experience increased repulsion.

Ionic Compound Properties

• Ionic bonds create strong attractions between metals and nonmetals, forming a crystal lattice structure.
• Ionic compounds generally:
  • Are solid at room temperature
  • Are hard and brittle
  • Are soluble in polar solvents
  • Lack conductivity in solid form
  • Typically have high melting points

Conductivity in Ionic Compounds

• Ionic solids do not conduct electricity due to fixed ion positions, resulting in a neutral charge.
• High melting points are due to strong ionic attractions that require significant energy to overcome.

Hardness of Ionic Solids

• Ionic solids are hard because of the strong attraction between ions in the crystal structure.
• An external force can cause ion movement, leading to repulsion among similar ions and structural separation.

Lattice Energy

• Lattice energy quantifies energy change when gaseous ions form an ionic solid.
• Greater ionic charge correlates to higher lattice energy, while smaller atoms with the same charge yield greater lattice energy.

Metallic Bonding

• Metallic bonding occurs between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions, resulting in a "sea of electrons."
• Characteristics of metallic bonds include:
  • Uniform structure
  • High conductivity
  • Malleability and ductility
  • Lustrous appearance

Transition Metals

• Transition metals possess numerous unpaired electrons in the d sublevel, contributing to:
  • Good conductivity
  • Malleability and ductility
  • Low volatility

Types of Metal Alloys

• Two primary types of metallic alloys:
  • Substitutional alloys: Host metal atoms are replaced by similar-sized metal atoms, enhancing malleability.
  • Interstitial alloys: Smaller atoms fill voids in the metal structure, increasing hardness.

Diatomic Molecules

• Diatomic molecules consist of two atoms in their natural state, including H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I.
• Bond energy among diatomic molecules increases in the following order: I < Br < Cl < F < H < O < N.