Intracranial Hemorrhage and Gastrointestinal Issues Quiz
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage?

  • Trauma (correct)
  • Motor Vehicle Accidents
  • Falls
  • Assault

    • Epidural hemorrhage typically occurs in the subdural space.

    False

    Name two clinical features of acute subdural hemorrhage.

    Brief LOC and coma

    Intracranial hemorrhages can lead to an increase in _____, causing compression of brain tissue.

    <p>ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel is primarily affected in an epidural hemorrhage?

    <p>Middle meningeal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the intracranial hemorrhage types with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidural hemorrhage = Bleeding between skull and dura mater Subdural hemorrhage = Bleeding between dura and arachnoid mater Subarachnoid hemorrhage = Bleeding in the space surrounding the brain Intracerebral hemorrhage = Bleeding within the brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subdural hemorrhage results in a rapid worsening of condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated intracranial hemorrhage?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of gastric ulcers?

    <p>Epigastric pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrointestinal bleeding from the lower GI tract is more common than bleeding from the upper GI tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with gastric outlet obstruction due to a chronic duodenal ulcer?

    <p>Fullness and bloating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden decline in ______ filtration function.

    <p>renal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication of ulcers?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of obstruction in the renal system?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the GI bleeding causes with their respective locations:

    <p>Oesophagitis = Oesophagus Gastric ulcer = Stomach Duodenal ulcer = Small intestines Diverticulitis = Large intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one symptom that may indicate significant blood loss in an acute GI bleed.

    <p>Hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prerenal causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are most commonly due to structural damage to the nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The risk of death from an acute GI bleed is between _________ and _________ percent.

    <p>5%, 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the kidneys in regulating electrolyte balance?

    <p>Regulates sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is categorized under ______ causes of acute kidney injury.

    <p>Intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intrinsic cause of acute kidney injury?

    <p>Acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of AKI with their categories:

    <p>Dehydration = Prerenal Acute tubular necrosis = Intrinsic Renal obstruction = Postrenal Septic shock = Prerenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?

    <p>Duodenal ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obstructive causes of kidney injury are the most common type of acute kidney injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone do the kidneys produce that regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptic ulcers can only occur in the stomach and duodenum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mucus production play in the stomach?

    <p>Mucus protects the stomach lining from gastric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is a bacteria commonly associated with peptic ulcers.

    <p>H.pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aggressive factors with their impact on peptic ulcers:

    <p>NSAIDs = Compromise mucosal defenses H.pylori infection = Impair bicarbonate secretion Alcohol = Increase acid production Smoking = Increase risk of ulcer formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for peptic ulcers?

    <p>Low acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rapid cell turnover in the gastric epithelium is beneficial for repairing damaged cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the balance between gastric acid secretion and mucosal defenses is disrupted?

    <p>Peptic ulcers develop due to cell injury and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of cerebral artery involved in infarction?

    <p>Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes Mellitus can only occur as a result of decreased secretion of insulin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fasting blood glucose level is considered diabetic?

    <p>7 mmol/L or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetes, the body compensates for decreased insulin by signalling the liver to increase __________.

    <p>gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of Diabetes Mellitus with their characteristics:

    <p>Type 1 DM = Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells Type 2 DM = Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency Gestational DM = Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy Other specific types = Diabetes due to conditions like pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a chronic effect of Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Decreased insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmotic diuresis occurs in diabetes when glucose levels exceed the renal tubular capacity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Damage to blood vessels (angiopathy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of chronic subdural hemorrhage in elderly individuals?

    <p>Falls or minor injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes bleeding that is slow as it is venous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management required for chronic subdural hemorrhage?

    <p>Surgical evacuation of bleed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In subarachnoid hemorrhage, the bleeding occurs in the ______ space.

    <p>subarachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of hemorrhage with its characteristics:

    <p>Chronic Subdural Haemorrhage = Slow accumulation of venous blood, common minor headaches Subarachnoid Haemorrhage = Sudden severe headache, rapid arterial bleeding Decerebrate Rigidity = Bad prognosis, associated with cerebral injury Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) = Disruption to cerebral blood flow due to thromboembolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is NOT commonly associated with chronic subdural hemorrhage?

    <p>Severe headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CT scan of a chronic subdural hemorrhage shows a hyperdense area that crosses the midline.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one condition that may lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) as a result of a stroke.

    <p>Cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intracranial Haemorrhages

    • Intracranial haemorrhage is bleeding within the cranial cavity, caused by ruptures or tears of blood vessels (meningeal vessels, dural veins, cerebral arteries).
    • This is a serious medical emergency, as the blood buildup increases intracranial pressure (ICP).
    • Increased ICP can compress delicate brain tissue, restrict blood supply, and lead to brain herniation (parts of the brain being squeezed past structures in the skull).
    • Trauma is the most common cause.

    Classifications of Intracranial Haemorrhages

    • Extra-axial (outside brain tissue) haemorrhages:
      • Epidural haemorrhage
      • Subdural haemorrhage (acute and chronic)
      • Subarachnoid haemorrhage
    • Intra-axial (inside brain tissue) haemorrhages:
      • Intracerebral haemorrhage
      • Intraventricular haemorrhage

    Epidural Haemorrhage

    • Cause: Primarily due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), falls, assaults, or direct blunt trauma (temporal bone fractures).
    • Location: Bleeding in the epidural space (between the skull and dura mater).
    • Blood vessel: Middle meningeal artery.
    • Speed of bleeding: Rapid (arterial).
    • Clinical features:
      • Brief loss of consciousness (LOC) followed by a short "lucid interval."
      • Rapid mental status deterioration as ICP rises.
      • Worsening headache.
      • Hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body).
      • Seizures.
      • Fixed/dilated pupils.
      • Coma and death if untreated
    • CT scan: Biconvex lens-shaped hyperdense area. It doesn't cross the midline.
    • Management: Usually requires surgical evacuation of the bleed.

    Acute Subdural Haemorrhage

    • Cause: Often associated with MVAs, falls, or assaults involving acceleration/deceleration or rotational injuries. Skull fractures also possible.
    • Location: Bleeding in the subdural space (between the dura mater and arachnoid mater).
    • Blood vessel: Dural and bridging veins.
    • Speed of bleeding: Slower (venous).
    • Clinical features:
      • Brief LOC, followed by a longer "lucid interval"
      • Possible coma, and death if untreated
      • Decerebrate rigidity possible
      • May present with coma at A&E
    • CT scan: Crescent-shaped hyperdense area. Usually doesn't cross the midline
    • Management: Usually requires surgical evacuation of the bleed.

    Chronic Subdural Haemorrhage

    • Cause: Falls or minor injuries, especially in elderly people (>60). Shrinking brain (atrophy) can tear bridging veins.
    • Location: Subdural space.
    • Blood vessel: Bridging dural veins.
    • Speed of bleeding: Slow (venous).
    • Clinical features:
      • Gradual onset of neurological symptoms like headaches, personality changes, fluctuating drowsiness etc.
    • CT scan: Crescent-shaped hyperdense area, does not cross midline.
    • Management: Usually requires surgical evacuation of the bleed.

    Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

    • Cause: Blunt trauma, acceleration/deceleration injuries, penetrating injuries, or a ruptured congenital aneurysm
    • Location: Subarachnoid space, around the circle of Willis.
    • Blood vessel: Cerebral arteries.
    • Speed of bleeding: Fast (arterial).
    • Clinical features:
      • Sudden severe headache
      • Vomiting
      • Seizures
      • Deteriorating mental status
      • Meningism signs (e.g., stiff neck, photophobia)
    • CT scan: Focal hyperdense area in sulci
    • Management: No surgical option (External ventricular drain to reduce ICP). Treat increased ICP and reduce secondary brain injury.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Intracranial Haemorrhages PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the causes and complications related to intracranial hemorrhage as well as gastrointestinal conditions like gastric ulcers and their symptoms. This quiz covers various clinical features, the impact on kidney function, and distinguishing between upper and lower GI tract bleeding. Challenge yourself on these critical medical topics.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser