Intracellular Receptors and Cellular Signaling

Which type of signaling molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors?

What is the common mechanism of action for thyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid?

Which group of signaling molecules are synthesized from cholesterol?

Which hormones are produced by the gonads?

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal gland?

What is the role of corticosteroids?

How are steroid hormones able to enter cells?

Which hormone plays important roles in development and regulation of metabolism?

What is the role of vitamin D3?

What is the role of retinoic acid and related compounds?

Which family of proteins do the intracellular receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid belong to?

What are the distinct effects of ligand binding on different receptors within the nuclear receptor superfamily?

Which molecule is bound to the glucocorticoid receptor in the absence of hormone?

What happens when glucocorticoid binds to its receptor?

In the absence of hormone, what is the role of the thyroid hormone receptor?

What happens when hormone binds to the thyroid hormone receptor?

What is the role of ligand binding on the function of nuclear receptors?

Which domain is NOT present in the intracellular receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid?

What is the role of the nuclear receptor superfamily in gene expression regulation?

What is the role of ligand binding on the activity of the receptor as a transcriptional regulatory molecule?

Which molecules bind to intracellular receptors expressed by hormonally responsive target cells?

Which family of proteins do the intracellular receptors belong to?

What are the three related domains found in the intracellular receptors?

How do steroid hormones and related molecules directly regulate gene expression?

What is the role of glucocorticoid binding in the glucocorticoid receptor?

What happens to the glucocorticoid receptor in the absence of hormone?

What is the role of the thyroid hormone binding in the thyroid hormone receptor?

What happens to the thyroid hormone receptor in the absence of hormone?

How does hormone binding affect the activity of the receptor in other cases?

What is the outcome of hormone binding in other cases?

True or false: All signaling molecules act by binding to receptors expressed on the target cell surface.

True or false: Thyroid hormone is synthesized from cholesterol.

True or false: Retinoic acid and related compounds play important roles in vertebrate development.

True or false: Steroids, thyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid bind to extracellular receptors expressed by hormonally responsive target cells.

True or false: Ligand binding of the nuclear receptor superfamily proteins regulates the function of ligand binding, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation.

True or false: Hormone binding alters the activity of the receptor as a transcriptional regulatory molecule in all cases.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurotransmitters?

Which signaling molecule is responsible for signaling the dilation of blood vessels that leads to penile erection?

What is the role of G proteins in neurotransmitter signaling?

What is the molecular basis of nitric oxide (NO) action?

Which plant hormone was the first to be identified?

What is the role of nitroglycerin in the treatment of heart disease?

What is one of the effects of auxins in plants?

True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) is a major paracrine signaling molecule in the circulatory system.

True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) binds to a receptor that regulates transcription.

True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates synthesis of cyclic GMP inside the cell by activating guanylyl cyclase.

True or false: Neurotransmitters are able to cross the target cell plasma membrane.

True or false: Plant hormones regulate plant growth and development.

True or false: Auxins induce plant cell elongation by strengthening the cell wall.

True or false: The first plant hormone to be identified was auxin.

Which of the following is NOT true about G proteins?

How many different α subunits are encoded by the human genome?

What is the role of RGS proteins in G protein signaling?

Which of the following is NOT a type of signaling molecule in animals?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a peptide hormone?

Who discovered nerve growth factor (NGF) and serendipitously discovered epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

Which group of polypeptide growth factors is responsible for regulating the development and differentiation of blood cells and controlling the activities of lymphocytes during the immune response?

Which type of signaling molecules act by binding to cell surface receptors and are unable to cross the plasma membrane of their target cells?

What is the basis for a variety of diseases, including many kinds of cancer?

Which family of cell surface receptors transmits signals to intracellular targets via the intermediary action of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins called G proteins?

True or false: Peptide hormones include insulin and the hormones produced by the pituitary gland?

True or false: Neuropeptides are naturally occurring compounds that bind to the same receptors on brain cells as morphine does?

True or false: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates cell proliferation?

True or false: The activity of the α subunit is terminated by hydrolysis of the bound GDP, which is stimulated by RGS proteins?

True or false: The human genome encodes 21 different β subunits of the G protein?

True or false: Different G proteins always associate with the same receptors?

True or false: PDGF stimulates the proliferation and movement of fibroblasts in the vicinity of the clot, contributing to regrowth of damaged tissue.

True or false: Polypeptide growth factors that remain associated with the plasma membrane function as signaling molecules during direct cell-cell interactions.

True or false: G protein-coupled receptors are characterized by seven membrane-spanning α helices.

True or false: G proteins consist of three subunits designated α, β, and γ.

Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of cAMP from ATP?

What is the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in animal cells?

Which protein kinase is phosphorylated and activated by protein kinase A in the regulation of glycogen breakdown?

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP?

What is the regulatory sequence called that is found in specific target genes activated by cAMP?

Which enzyme dephosphorylates the serine residues of proteins phosphorylated by protein kinase A?

In the sensory neurons of the nose, how does cAMP directly regulate ion channels?

Which family of proteins is responsible for phosphorylating the STAT proteins?

What is the role of the STAT proteins in gene expression?

Which group of proteins are responsible for signaling downstream of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases?

Which molecules are responsible for the attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix?

Which family of cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes?

What was the first tyrosine kinase discovered during studies of?

What is the common structural organization of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the role of SH2 domains in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?

How do cytokine receptors differ from receptor tyrosine kinases?

What are the key targets of the JAK kinases associated with cytokine receptors?