Phonology Three
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What significant role does intonation play in communication?

  • It shows the level of education of the speaker.
  • It indicates the speed of speech.
  • It is linked to grammar and conveys meaning. (correct)
  • It emphasizes individual phonemes.
  • Intonation is strictly related to phonemes and has no impact on the meaning of utterances.

    False (B)

    Who describes intonation as the 'music' of speech?

    Thornbury

    Intonation is a ________ feature of pronunciation, affecting stretches of speech rather than individual segments.

    <p>suprasegmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of intonation with their descriptions:

    <p>Conveys sarcasm = Uses pitch to signal irony or contempt Indicates attitude = Reflects the speaker's feelings or emotions Affects meaning = Alters interpretation of utterances Expresses emotions = Delivers strong feelings without words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about teachers' views on intonation is true?

    <p>Some teachers believe intonation cannot be taught due to its complexities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intonation can be used to express extreme emotions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intonation can be seen as a major carrier of ________.

    <p>meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intonation pattern tends to be used in yes/no questions?

    <p>It tends to rise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wh questions tend to go up in intonation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intonation pattern expresses surprise?

    <p>fall-rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Statements tend to go __________ in intonation.

    <p>down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions with their corresponding intonation patterns:

    <p>Inviting = Fall at the end of utterance Expressing interest = Rise Expressing enthusiasm = High fall Criticising tactfully = Low fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a list of items, when does the intonation typically fall?

    <p>On the last item (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question tags seeking confirmation tend to go up.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do grammatical intonation patterns correspond to?

    <p>Statements, imperatives, questions, and lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intonation pattern for imperatives tends to go __________.

    <p>down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intonation is used when giving polite advice?

    <p>Fall at the end of utterance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function of intonation indicates the difference between statements and questions?

    <p>Grammatical functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High pitch is strongly associated with known information in English.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic of languages with a wide pitch range.

    <p>They tend to have a variety of pitch movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In spoken language, tone units can be broken down into _______.

    <p>chunks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of tone with its description:

    <p>Rise = A tone that increases in pitch Fall = A tone that decreases in pitch Fall-Rise = A tone that first decreases and then increases Rise-Fall = A tone that first increases and then decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tonic syllable?

    <p>The syllable that carries the main stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high rise means the pitch starts at a high position and increases further.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in pitch range typically found between English and Spanish?

    <p>English has a wider pitch range than Spanish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stressed syllable before the tonic syllable is called an _______ syllable.

    <p>onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to pitch movement:

    <p>High Rise = Less movement from a high position Low Rise = More movement from a low position High Fall = Less movement from a high position Low Fall = More movement from a low position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main rhythmic pattern of English speech?

    <p>Stress-timed rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhythm in speech relates to a pattern of air pressure pulses.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tone units can the phrase 'If you finish quickly leave the room.' be broken into?

    <p>It can be broken into 2 or more tone units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pronunciation feature that indicates stress and weak syllable compression in connected speech is known as _______.

    <p>rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the example with its respective analysis:

    <p>No! I certainly won’t! = Stressed syllables marked by bold Steve said the chef was brilliant. = Possible tone unit breakdown The man and the woman in the red car had an accident. = Multiple interpretations based on context If you finish quickly leave the room. = Chunked for clarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'discourse' refer to?

    <p>Any piece of language above the sentence level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intonation only serves to convey emotions in spoken language.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'proclaiming tone'?

    <p>An intonation pattern that either rises and then falls, or just falls, indicating new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In discourse intonation, the term 'referring tone' refers to an intonation pattern that __________.

    <p>falls and then rises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following intonation terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Proclaiming tone = Indicates new information Referring tone = Indicates known information Falling tone = Typically ends statements Rising tone = Used in yes/no questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intonation play in signaling a change of topic?

    <p>It utilizes specific intonational markers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intonation patterns have no bearing on the interpretation of lists in spoken language.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a falling tone typically function in a discourse?

    <p>It usually indicates the end of a statement or the completion of a thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a key aspect in communication according to Jenkins?

    <p>Tonic stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intonation is essential when teaching English as a Lingua Franca.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'Pitch'?

    <p>The level of the voice as perceived by the listener, either high, mid, or low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ unit is a sub-division of an utterance that contains a tonic syllable.

    <p>tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to intonation with their definitions:

    <p>Pitch = The level of the voice as perceived by the listener. Range = The distance between the lowest pitch and the highest. Tone Unit = A sub-division of an utterance containing a tonic syllable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teaching technique is suggested for modeling intonation effectively?

    <p>Exaggerating intonation patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teachers find it easy to identify and model pitch direction accurately.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research has shown about native speakers and intonation rules?

    <p>Native speakers do not consistently follow the rules of intonation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jenkins suggests that intonation should link _______ and meaning.

    <p>form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples with their corresponding intonation patterns:

    <p>Yes/No questions = Usually rise in intonation Statements = Typically fall in intonation Clarification requests = May rise or fall depending on context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intonation in Language Learning

    • Intonation is a challenging aspect of phonology, with varying opinions on its teachability.
    • Some believe the complexity of exceptions makes it unteachable; others believe basic patterns can be taught.
    • Intonation is closely linked to grammar, discourse, attitudes, and meaning, often conveying subtle messages.
    • Intonation is a crucial element of sarcasm and irony.
    • Intonation is the "music" of speech, using voice pitch to convey meaningful changes.
    • It's a suprasegmental feature, affecting entire stretches of speech, not just individual sounds.
    • Discourse intonation, a more recent approach, uses fewer, simpler constituents for a more coherent system.
    • Discourse is any language beyond the sentence level, marked by shifts in focus, references, and topics. Intonation signifies these shifts.

    Defining Intonation Terms

    Pitch and Range

    • Pitch is the relative level of speech, not volume or speed.
    • Pitch range is the difference between a speaker's highest and lowest pitch.
    • Pitch range varies between languages (e.g., English has a wider range than Spanish).
    • Learners need to adjust their pitch range depending on the target language.

    Tone and Movement

    • Tones are pitch movements (rise, fall, fall-rise, rise-fall).
    • Tones can be high or low, with varying degrees of movement.

    Tone Units

    • Tone units are chunks of speech, similar to phrases.
    • They can be divided in different ways, depending on context.
    • The length of tone units can vary.
    • The number of tone units within an utterance vary.
    • Tone units can signify shifts in focus or new/old information

    Onset and Tonic Syllables

    • The tonic syllable is the stressed syllable with the primary pitch movement.
    • The onset syllable precedes the tonic syllable.
    • Each tone unit has one tonic syllable.

    Rhythm

    • English has a stress-timed rhythm, where stressed syllables are emphasised more.
    • Unstressed syllables are compressed and weakened.
    • Regular air pressure pulses relate to meaning.

    Basic Rules and Patterns of Intonation

    Grammatical Intonation

    • Statements tend to fall.
    • Imperatives tend to fall.
    • Yes/no questions tend to rise.
    • Wh-questions tend to fall.
    • Question tags seeking confirmation tend to fall.
    • Question tags that are uncertain rise.
    • Lists typically rise on each item and fall on the last.

    Functional and Attitudinal Intonation

    • Intonation expresses nuances of attitude, not just the function.
    • Examples of attitude-intonation connections: Surprise (fall-rise), Interest (rise), Enthusiasm (high fall), Polite Advice (fall), Criticism (low fall).

    Discourse Intonation

    • Discourse intonation, a system developed in the 1980s and 90s, simplifies constituent analysis in intonation.
    • Intonation signals shifts in focus, references between points, and changes of topic
    • Proclaiming tones (rising then falling or just falling) show new information.
    • Referring tones (falling then rising) signify reference to already known information.

    Intonation and Lingua Franca Core

    • Intonation's nuances are extensive, requiring considerable classroom time.
    • Native speakers don't strictly adhere to intonation 'rules'.
    • Teaching pitch direction is often challenging for teachers.
    • Focusing on tonic stress is more critical for clear communication in a lingua franca context.
    • Meaningful differences are found in word stress and rhythm placements

    Conclusion

    • Focusing on intonation patterns is difficult, but crucial.
    • Integrate intonation into existing lessons.
    • Exaggerate intonation when modeling and practicing.
    • Distinguish between recognizing and producing intonation.
    • Keep intonation simple; concentrate on widening voice range.
    • Link intonation form to its meaning clearly.
    • Concentrate on patterns relevant to learners.
    • Focus on stress and rhythm alongside intonation.
    • Use contrast in teaching: good/bad models. Comparing Ll and L2.
    • Mimicry & shadowing are helpful practice methods

    Terminology Review

    • Pitch: The level of the voice—high, mid, or low.
    • Range: The distance between the lowest and highest pitch in a language. English has a wide range.
    • Tone Unit (or Tone Group): A subdivision of an utterance containing a tonic syllable. It is shown graphically by slanted lines.

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    Description

    Explore the nuances of intonation in language learning, highlighting its link to phonology, grammar, and meaning. This quiz covers essential concepts such as pitch, range, and the role of intonation in conveying attitudes and emotions. Test your understanding of how these elements interplay in effective communication.

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