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Questions and Answers
Enterobius vermicularis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with contaminated soil.
False
Bendazoles are a common treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis infections.
True
Trichinella spiralis is primarily contracted by consuming raw fish.
False
Cestodes are also known as roundworms.
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The disease caused by Toxocara canis is known as visceral larva migrans.
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Hermectin is used for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis.
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Clonorchis sinensis can lead to liver damage due to the ingestion of raw freshwater fish.
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Sarcoptes scabiei causes skin irritation and is treated with permethrin cream.
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Echinococcus granulosus can cause cysts in organs, primarily through contact with contaminated water.
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Pediculus humanus refers to body lice and can be treated by washing and drying clothing.
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Ascaris lumbricoides is transmitted through contaminated water.
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Echinococcus granulosus infection can be diagnosed with a CT scan.
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Clonorchis sinensis can be contracted by ingesting undercooked pork.
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Lymphatic Filariasis is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes.
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Strongyloides stercoralis larvae can penetrate through the skin.
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Treatment for Trichinella spiralis typically involves praziquantel.
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Diethylcarbamazine is used to treat infections caused by Onchocerca volvulus.
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Sarcoptes scabiei is transmitted through direct contact.
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The disease caused by Taenia solium can result in Vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Necator americanus is associated with intestinal bleeding and anemia.
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Strongyloides stercoralis is transmitted through fecal-oral contact.
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The primary treatment for Echinococcus granulosus infections is surgery for complicated cysts.
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Onchocerca volvulus is transmitted by mosquitoes.
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Enterobius vermicularis can cause anal pruritus, particularly at night.
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The diagnosis of Diphyllobothrium latum is made through the identification of larvae in skin samples.
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Children infected with Trichuris trichiura may experience rectal prolapse.
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The treatment for body lice involves using a combination of medications, including diethylcarbamazine.
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Cimex lectularius is commonly known as the bed bug.
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Liver damage caused by Clonorchis sinensis is due to the ingestion of undercooked pork.
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The primary host for Toxocara canis is the cat.
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Study Notes
Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)
-
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm):
- Causes anal pruritus, especially at night, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Pyrantel pamoate is used for treatment.
-
Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Roundworm):
- Can cause intestinal obstruction, perforation, and allergic reactions.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs.
- Bendazoles are used for treatment.
-
Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm):
- Can cause cutaneous larva migrans, allergic reactions, and intestinal perforation.
- Transmitted through larvae penetrating the skin and from contaminated soil.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs.
- Bendazoles are used for treatment.
-
Ancylostoma spp, Necator americanus (Hookworms):
- Can cause intestinal bleeding and anemia.
- Transmitted through larvae penetrating the skin (walking barefoot on contaminated soil) and the fecal-oral route.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs.
- Bendazoles and Pyrantel pamoate are used for treatment.
-
Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis):
- Causes intestinal inflammation, muscle pain, and edema.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route (rarely) and consuming undercooked meat.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of larvae.
- Bendazoles are used for treatment.
-
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm):
- Can cause rectal prolapse in children.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs.
- Bendazoles are used for treatment.
Tissue Nematodes (Roundworms)
-
Toxocara canis:
- Causes visceral larva migrans, inflammation of the eyes, heart, and lungs.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of larvae.
- Bendazoles are used for treatment.
-
Onchocerca volvulus:
- Causes black skin nodules.
- Transmitted by female flies.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of the skin.
- Hermectin is used for treatment.
-
Loa loa:
- Causes swelling in the conjunctiva.
- Transmitted by flies.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination.
- Diethylcarbamazine is used for treatment.
-
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi:
- Cause lymphatic filariasis.
- Transmitted by mosquitoes.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of adult worms.
- Diethylcarbamazine is used for treatment.
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
-
Taenia solium:
- Causes intestinal tapeworm.
- Transmitted through ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingestion of eggs in contaminated food.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of eggs.
- Praziquantel is used for treatment.
-
Diphyllobothrium latum:
- Can cause vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Transmitted through ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish and ingestion of eggs in contaminated animal products.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination.
- Niclosamide is used for treatment.
-
Echinococcus granulosus:
- Can cause cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs.
- Transmitted through ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with dog feces.
- Diagnosis involves X-ray and CT scans of the affected organ.
- Surgery is required for complicated cysts.
Trematodes (Flukes)
-
Schistosoma:
- Can cause portal hypertension, liver damage, and infection from contact with contaminated freshwater.
- Transmitted through gravid and cercariae penetrating human skin from contact with contaminated freshwater.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of eggs.
- Praziquantel is used for treatment.
-
Clonorchis sinensis:
- Causes liver damage.
- Transmitted through ingestion of raw freshwater fish.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of eggs.
- Praziquantel is used for treatment.
Ectoparasites
-
Sarcoptes scabiei:
- Causes skin irritation.
- Transmitted through direct contact.
- Diagnosis involves skin examination and scraping.
- Permethrin cream is used for treatment.
-
Pediculus humanus:
- Causes body lice.
- Transmitted through direct contact (clothing, contaminated objects).
- Diagnosis involves examination.
- Treatment includes washing and drying all clothing, treating close contacts, and using permethrin.
-
Phthirus pubis:
- Causes pubic lice (crabs).
- Transmitted through direct physical contact.
- Diagnosis involves visual examination of the affected area.
- Permethrin and pyrethroids are used for treatment.
-
Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus:
- Causes bed bugs.
- Transmitted through bites and body contact with infestations on furniture, etc.
- Diagnosis involves identification of bed bugs and visual examination of bites.
- Pyrethroids and mattress treatments are used for treatment.
Nematodes (Roundworms)
-
Intestinal Roundworms:
- Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm): Causes anal itching, especially at night, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.
- Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Roundworm): Causes intestinal obstruction, perforation, and allergic reactions.
- Strongyloides Stercoralis (Threadworm): Causes cutaneous larva migrans, allergic reactions, and intestinal perforation.
- Ancylostoma spp, Necator Americanus (Hookworms): Causes intestinal bleeding, anemia.
- Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis): Causes intestinal inflammation, muscle pain, and edema.
- Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm): Causes rectal prolapse, particularly in children.
-
Tissue Roundworms:
- Toxocara canis: Causes visceral larva migrans, inflammation in the eyes, heart, and lungs.
- Onchocerca volvulus: Causes black skin nodules.
- Loa loa: Causes swelling in the conjunctiva.
- Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi: Causes Lymphatic Filariasis.
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
- Taenia Solium: Causes intestinal tapeworm and can be acquired through ingesting larvae in undercooked pork or eggs in contaminated food.
- Diphyllobothrium latum: Causes Vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Echinoccocus granulosus: Causes cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs.
Trematodes (Flukes)
- Schistosoma: Causes portal hypertension, liver damage, and infection in humans through skin contact with contaminated fresh water.
- Clonorchis sinensis: Causes liver damage through ingestion of raw freshwater fish.
Ectoparasites
- Sarcoptes scabiei: Causes skin irritation.
- Pediculus humanus: Causes body lice.
- Phthirus pubis: Causes pubic lice.
- Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus: Causes bed bugs.
Intestinal Nematodes
- Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) causes anal itching, primarily at night, and may lead to intestinal obstruction. It's transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Roundworm) can cause intestinal obstruction, perforation, and allergic reactions. It's also transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Strongyloides Stercoralis (Threadworm) leads to cutaneous larva migrans, allergic reactions, and intestinal perforation. Larvae penetrate the skin, and transmission occurs through contaminated soil.
- Ancylostoma spp, Necator Americanus (Hookworms) cause intestinal bleeding and anemia. Larvae penetrate the skin after walking barefoot on contaminated soil, and transmission can also occur via the fecal-oral route.
- Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis) causes intestinal inflammation, muscle pain, and edema. Transmission most commonly occurs through the consumption of undercooked meat, and rarely through the fecal-oral route.
- Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) can lead to rectal prolapse in children. It's spread through the fecal-oral route.
Tissue Nematodes
- Toxocara canis causes visceral larva migrans, and inflammation of the eyes, heart, and lungs. It's transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Onchocerca volvulus causes black skin nodules. It's transmitted by female flies.
- Loa loa causes swelling in the conjunctiva (eyelid). Flies transmit the parasite.
- Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi cause lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to lymphedema. Transmission occurs through mosquitoes.
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
- Taenia Solium causes an intestinal tapeworm infection. It's transmitted by ingesting larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingesting eggs contaminated foods.
- Diphyllobothrium latum can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. It's transmitted through the ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish or eggs in contaminated animal products.
- Echinococcus granulosus causes cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of eggs from dog feces contaminated food.
Trematodes (Flukes)
- Schistosoma causes portal hypertension, liver damage, and infection in humans. Transmission occurs through the penetration of the skin by cercariae, released from snails, when humans come in contact with contaminated freshwater.
- Clonorchis sinensis leads to liver damage. It's transmitted through the ingestion of raw freshwater fish.
Ectoparasites
- Sarcoptes scabiei causes skin irritation. It's spread through direct contact.
- Pediculus humanus causes head lice. It's spread through direct contact with clothing, contaminated objects.
- Phthirus pubis causes pubic lice (crabs). It's transmitted through direct physical contact.
- Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus (Bed bugs) cause bite marks and skin irritation through direct contact.
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Description
This quiz covers important details about various intestinal nematodes, specifically focusing on species such as Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, and hookworms. Learn about their transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Test your knowledge and understand the implications of these parasites on human health.
