Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of diagnostic laboratory tests?
What is the main purpose of diagnostic laboratory tests?
- To interpret the symptoms of the disease
- To document symptoms and clinic signs
- To allocate the case to a diagnostic group based on test results (correct)
- To perform investigations on the patient
How are quantitative measurements in diagnostic laboratory tests interpreted?
How are quantitative measurements in diagnostic laboratory tests interpreted?
- In relationship to a 'normal' range of values (correct)
- In isolation from the normal range of values
- Without considering the normal range of values
- With no reference to the normal range of values
In diagnosing a disease, what is the primary role of clinic history and examination of clinic signs?
In diagnosing a disease, what is the primary role of clinic history and examination of clinic signs?
- To perform quantitative measurements
- To allocate the case to a diagnostic group based on test results
- To document symptoms and interpret the disease
- To identify and document symptoms and clinic signs (correct)
What is the main purpose of epidemiology?
What is the main purpose of epidemiology?
Which of the following is an example of epidemiology?
Which of the following is an example of epidemiology?
What type of study involves looking backward over a period of time and examining past exposure to suspected aetiological factors?
What type of study involves looking backward over a period of time and examining past exposure to suspected aetiological factors?
What does epidemiology establish between a risk factor and the occurrence of a disease?
What does epidemiology establish between a risk factor and the occurrence of a disease?
In which type of study are subjects followed over time, risk factors monitored, and relative risk determined?
In which type of study are subjects followed over time, risk factors monitored, and relative risk determined?
What is the process responsible for the oxidative modification of proteins?
What is the process responsible for the oxidative modification of proteins?
Which type of radiant energy can cause ROS generation within cells?
Which type of radiant energy can cause ROS generation within cells?
What reaction can result in the formation of Fe3+ and hydroxyl radicals (OH + OH-) from H2O2 and Fe2+?
What reaction can result in the formation of Fe3+ and hydroxyl radicals (OH + OH-) from H2O2 and Fe2+?
What is the initial event that leads to oxidative damage in membranes?
What is the initial event that leads to oxidative damage in membranes?
Which type of autopsies is performed on patients who die in hospital with unclear diagnosis or other reasons?
Which type of autopsies is performed on patients who die in hospital with unclear diagnosis or other reasons?
What is the main purpose of medicolegal autopsies?
What is the main purpose of medicolegal autopsies?
What are the common causes of cell injury mentioned in the text?
What are the common causes of cell injury mentioned in the text?
What happens if cells fail to meet the demand and show signs of injury?
What happens if cells fail to meet the demand and show signs of injury?
What is the definition of free radicals as per the text?
What is the definition of free radicals as per the text?
In what percentage of cases are diagnostic discrepancies revealed by autopsies?
In what percentage of cases are diagnostic discrepancies revealed by autopsies?
What type of autopsies are only performed by state forensic pathologists?
What type of autopsies are only performed by state forensic pathologists?
What is the main purpose of clinical autopsies?
What is the main purpose of clinical autopsies?
What type of autopsies can provide information for clinical audit, education, and medical research?
What type of autopsies can provide information for clinical audit, education, and medical research?
What is the role of state forensic pathologists in performing autopsies?
What is the role of state forensic pathologists in performing autopsies?
What happens to cells if the challenge is too great or for too long?
What happens to cells if the challenge is too great or for too long?
What type of cells undergo further morphologic changes recognized as cell death if irreversibly injured?
What type of cells undergo further morphologic changes recognized as cell death if irreversibly injured?
Apoptosis is a concept that is related to the mechanisms of cell injury and cell death.
Apoptosis is a concept that is related to the mechanisms of cell injury and cell death.
Diagnostic laboratory tests are primarily based on qualitative measurements rather than quantitative measurements.
Diagnostic laboratory tests are primarily based on qualitative measurements rather than quantitative measurements.
The primary role of clinic history and examination of clinic signs in diagnosing a disease is to perform autopsies.
The primary role of clinic history and examination of clinic signs in diagnosing a disease is to perform autopsies.
Epidemiology aims to establish the causal relationship between a risk factor and the occurrence of a disease.
Epidemiology aims to establish the causal relationship between a risk factor and the occurrence of a disease.
In a prospective study, subjects are observed over a period of time and the relative risk of developing a disease is determined.
In a prospective study, subjects are observed over a period of time and the relative risk of developing a disease is determined.
Retrospective studies mainly focus on determining prevalence between different populations at a specific time.
Retrospective studies mainly focus on determining prevalence between different populations at a specific time.
Diagnostic laboratory tests play a role in identifying the possible causes and modes of acquisition of a disease.
Diagnostic laboratory tests play a role in identifying the possible causes and modes of acquisition of a disease.
Population screening for early diagnosis is not among the aims of epidemiology.
Population screening for early diagnosis is not among the aims of epidemiology.
Oxidative damage is initiated when the single bonds in unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids are attacked by oxygen-derived free radicals.
Oxidative damage is initiated when the single bonds in unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids are attacked by oxygen-derived free radicals.
ROS generation within cells can be caused by the absorption of ultraviolet light and gamma rays.
ROS generation within cells can be caused by the absorption of ultraviolet light and gamma rays.
The process of oxidative modification of proteins involves the oxidation of amino acid residue side chains and the formation of protein-protein cross-linkages.
The process of oxidative modification of proteins involves the oxidation of amino acid residue side chains and the formation of protein-protein cross-linkages.
Reactions with adenine in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA produce single-stranded breaks in DNA.
Reactions with adenine in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA produce single-stranded breaks in DNA.
Medico-legal autopsies are only performed by police officers.
Medico-legal autopsies are only performed by police officers.
Clinical autopsies are only performed on patients who die in hospital with unclear diagnosis or other reasons.
Clinical autopsies are only performed on patients who die in hospital with unclear diagnosis or other reasons.
Irreversibly injured cells undergo reversible morphologic changes recognized as cell death.
Irreversibly injured cells undergo reversible morphologic changes recognized as cell death.
Cellular injury results from functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or several of essential cellular components.
Cellular injury results from functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or several of essential cellular components.
Cell injury by oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) is a simple and well-understood process.
Cell injury by oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) is a simple and well-understood process.
Medical research is one of the purposes for which information obtained from autopsies can be used.
Medical research is one of the purposes for which information obtained from autopsies can be used.
Anaphylactic reaction to a protein is a cause of cell injury according to the text.
Anaphylactic reaction to a protein is a cause of cell injury according to the text.
Study Notes
- Text is about cell injury, diagnosis of disease, mechanisms of cell injury, and epidemiology
- Diagnosis of disease:
- Clinic history and examining the patient
- Performing diagnostic laboratory tests
- Serum insulin level test, cervical epithelial cells (slide)
- Epidemiological approach for disease identification
- Cell injury and death:
- Normal cells adapt to challenges, but if demands are too great, cells show signs of injury
- Reversible or irreversible injury
- Irreversible cell injury: necrosis, apoptosis
- Mechanisms of cell injury: oxygen deprivation, physical agents, chemical agents, infections, nutritional imbalances, genetic derangements
- Epidemiology:
- Study of disease in populations and distribution in relation to place and time
- Identification of possible causes and modes of acquisition
- Aims: providing aetiological clues, planning preventive measures, provision of adequate medical facilities, population screening
- Cell injury and mechanisms:
- Oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) damage cells
- Lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, DNA damage
- Autopsies:
- May be performed for legal or medical purposes
- Information used for clinical audit, education, medical research
- Diagnostic discrepancies revealed in ~30% of cases
- Medicolegal autopsies determine cause of death, collect evidence; performed by state forensic pathologists
- Clinical autopsies gather information from patients who die in hospitals; useful but limited information.
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