Podcast
Questions and Answers
What initial step is crucial when preparing data for quantitative analysis?
What initial step is crucial when preparing data for quantitative analysis?
- Ignoring outliers to streamline the dataset.
- Selecting the most complex statistical program available.
- Randomly assigning values to ensure unbiased results.
- Scoring the data to assign numeric values to responses. (correct)
Which of the following best describes the purpose of creating a codebook in data analysis?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of creating a codebook in data analysis?
- To serve as a guide for coding and scoring responses from research instruments. (correct)
- To randomly assign numerical values to the data points.
- To have a list of all statistical formulas that will be used.
- To store the data in encrypted format for security purposes.
A researcher wants to understand individual opinions from a survey. What type of score should they use?
A researcher wants to understand individual opinions from a survey. What type of score should they use?
- Single-Item Scores (correct)
- Summed Scores
- Net Difference Scores
- Z-Scores
A researcher aims to create an overall satisfaction score by combining responses from several questions. Which type of score should they compute?
A researcher aims to create an overall satisfaction score by combining responses from several questions. Which type of score should they compute?
In a pre-test/post-test study, which type of score best represents the change in an individual's performance?
In a pre-test/post-test study, which type of score best represents the change in an individual's performance?
After scoring the data from instruments, what should researchers do before analysis?
After scoring the data from instruments, what should researchers do before analysis?
Which statistical program is commonly used by Six Sigma Practitioners and quality engineers?
Which statistical program is commonly used by Six Sigma Practitioners and quality engineers?
Which software is best for statistical analysis, data mining, and econometrics?
Which software is best for statistical analysis, data mining, and econometrics?
For advanced analytics, multivariate analysis and business intellience, which statistical program is most suitable?
For advanced analytics, multivariate analysis and business intellience, which statistical program is most suitable?
Prior to computing descriptive statistics, what step ensures that the data is ready for statistical analysis?
Prior to computing descriptive statistics, what step ensures that the data is ready for statistical analysis?
When researchers analyze data, what are they trying to address?
When researchers analyze data, what are they trying to address?
Descriptive statistics are used for what purpose in data analysis?
Descriptive statistics are used for what purpose in data analysis?
Which measure of central tendency is calculated by summing all the scores and dividing by the number of scores?
Which measure of central tendency is calculated by summing all the scores and dividing by the number of scores?
How is the median determined in a set of scores?
How is the median determined in a set of scores?
When is the mode particularly useful?
When is the mode particularly useful?
What does 'bimodal' refer to in the context of measures of central tendency?
What does 'bimodal' refer to in the context of measures of central tendency?
Which descriptive statistic indicates the spread or variability of a set of scores around the mean?
Which descriptive statistic indicates the spread or variability of a set of scores around the mean?
What information does a percentile rank provide?
What information does a percentile rank provide?
Which of the following is true regarding percentile ranks?
Which of the following is true regarding percentile ranks?
A student scoring above the 75th percentile is typically considered to be performing how?
A student scoring above the 75th percentile is typically considered to be performing how?
What is the first step in calculating percentile ranks?
What is the first step in calculating percentile ranks?
A researcher calculates a standard score (z-score) for a participant. What does this score indicate?
A researcher calculates a standard score (z-score) for a participant. What does this score indicate?
In the formula for the standard score, $Z = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}$, what does $\mu$ represent?
In the formula for the standard score, $Z = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}$, what does $\mu$ represent?
When reporting the results of statistical testing, in what tense should the findings be written?
When reporting the results of statistical testing, in what tense should the findings be written?
Where should researchers place the standard deviation or means in a research report?
Where should researchers place the standard deviation or means in a research report?
A researcher is preparing data for analysis. Which activity is considered part of this preparation?
A researcher is preparing data for analysis. Which activity is considered part of this preparation?
A researcher wants to compare a student's score to a national standard with a different scale. What type of score is most appropriate?
A researcher wants to compare a student's score to a national standard with a different scale. What type of score is most appropriate?
A researcher collects data on student test scores before and after an intervention. What type of score would be most useful?
A researcher collects data on student test scores before and after an intervention. What type of score would be most useful?
If scores are distributed as follows: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 10, which value represents the mode?
If scores are distributed as follows: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 10, which value represents the mode?
In a dataset of income levels, the presence of a few extremely high values can greatly influence the overall average, which measure is best?
In a dataset of income levels, the presence of a few extremely high values can greatly influence the overall average, which measure is best?
What is the primary goal of 'scoring the data' during the preparation phase of quantitative data analysis?
What is the primary goal of 'scoring the data' during the preparation phase of quantitative data analysis?
Which scenario would make 'mode' the most appropriate measure of central tendency?
Which scenario would make 'mode' the most appropriate measure of central tendency?
In reporting results to stakeholders, what should a researcher emphasize when using descriptive statistics?
In reporting results to stakeholders, what should a researcher emphasize when using descriptive statistics?
What should researchers include when reporting the results?
What should researchers include when reporting the results?
If a unimodal dataset is symmetrical, what is the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
If a unimodal dataset is symmetrical, what is the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
In the steps of data analysis, what typically follows 'preparing data'?
In the steps of data analysis, what typically follows 'preparing data'?
A dataset has the following values: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What is the median?
A dataset has the following values: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What is the median?
What is the major difference used in calculating the range from the interquartile range?
What is the major difference used in calculating the range from the interquartile range?
What are percentile ranks primarily indicating?
What are percentile ranks primarily indicating?
Given an ordered dataset: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and a value of 20, which step is critical?
Given an ordered dataset: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and a value of 20, which step is critical?
Flashcards
Scoring Data
Scoring Data
Assigning a numeric score (or value) to each response category.
Codebook
Codebook
A list of variables indicating how to code/score responses.
Single-Item Scores
Single-Item Scores
Scores assigned to each question for each participant.
Summed Scores
Summed Scores
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Net Difference Scores
Net Difference Scores
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Statistical Program
Statistical Program
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Inputting Data
Inputting Data
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Analyze the Data
Analyze the Data
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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
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Mean
Mean
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Median
Median
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Mode
Mode
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Unimodal
Unimodal
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Bimodal
Bimodal
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Percentile Rank
Percentile Rank
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Relative Standing
Relative Standing
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Standard Score
Standard Score
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Reporting Results
Reporting Results
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- This lesson teaches the steps to interpreting quantitative data,.
- Focus is placed on how to prepare data for analysis.
- The lesson elaborates ways to report results.
Steps in Data Analysis
- Step 1: Data analysis preparation.
- Step 2: Begin data analysis.
- Step 3: Report the results.
- Step 4: Interpret results from data analysis.
Data Analysis Preparation
- Score the Data
- Create a codebook
- Determine type of scores
- Selecting a statistical/computer program
- Input data into the program
- Clear the data
Scoring the Data
- A researcher will assign a numerical score or value to each question.
Creating a Codebook
- It is a list of variables as questions that indicate how the researcher will code or score responses from instruments or checklists.
Determining the types of scores to use
- Single-Item scores assign individual scores to each question for each participant in the study, for a detail analysis
- Summed Scores add individual scores for an overall score for a variable.
- Net of Difference Scores are scores in a quantitative study, that represent a change for each individual
Selecting a Statistical/Computer Program
- After scoring the data, a computer program is selected to analyze data.
- Common programs include Minitab 16, JMP, SYSTAT, SAS, SPSS
Inputting Data
- Inputting the data occurs by researcher transferring data from responses to computer files for analysis.
Beginning Data Analysis
- Data is analyzed to address each of the research questions or hypotheses derived from the questions or hypothesis in quantitative research, which describe trends in the data to a single variable, or question in the instrument being used.
- Descriptive Statistics that indicate general/central tendencies need to be analyzed.
Descriptive Statistics
- Central Tendency: mean, median, mode
- Variability: variance, standard deviation, range, inquartile range
- Relative standing: z scores, percentile ranks
Measures of Central Tendencies: Mean
- Is the most popular statistic used to describe responses of all participants.
- The total scores divided by the number of scores.
Measures of Central Tendencies: Median
- Is the middle score among all scores.
- The median divides scores ranked from top to bottom, in half.
Measures of Central Tendencies: Mode
- Is the score that appears most frequently in a score list.
- Can be used to determine the most common score in a variable set.
- Researchers use the mode for reporting variables with categorical variables.
- Unimodal: set of data with one mode.
- Bimodal: a set of data with two modes in which there are two data values with the set's highest frequency.
- Trimodal: a set of data with three modes.
- Multimodal: a set of data with four or more modes.
Measures of Relative Standing: Percentile Rank
- Statistics describe one score relative to a group of scores.
- This number falls between 0-100, indicating the % of cases falling at or below that score
- A number between 0-100 indicates the percent of cases falling at or below that score.
- It is written to the nearest whole percent: 74.5% = 75%.
- Scores must be arranged from lowest to highest.
- There is no 0 percentile, the lowest score is the first percentile.
- There is no 100th percentile, the highest score is the 99th percentile.
- A percentile above 75 can be considered above normal.
- A percentile between 25 and 75 is considered normal.
- A percentile less than 25 is considered below normal.
How to calculate for Percentile Ranks
- Arrange data in ascending order.
- Count the values below the score being measured for.
- Count all values in the data set.
- Divide the answer with the value in #2 and the value in #3.
- Multiply the result by 100.
Standard Score
- Is a calculated score.
- It enables researchers to compare scores from different scales.
- It involves the transformation of raw scores into a score with relative meaning.
- A z-test is a popular form of standard score.
- It it has a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.
Reporting Results
- This takes place when researchers complete the statistical testing.
- This commonly with a dedicated results section.
- The section addresses/answers/responds to questions or hypothesis addressed in the the study.
- A common approach is to answer the questions sequentially.
- Researchers stay close to the outcome instead of drawing broader meaning from there.
- Tables summarize statistical information.
- Figures (charts, pictures, drawings) portray variables and their relationship.
- There should be detailed explanations about statistical results.
Interpreting Results
- Results should be written in past tense
- Focus on broadest result first and then flow into more specific ones.
- Discuss or highlight data with the highest order, or lowest.
- Discuss the type of analysis used
- Standard deviation or means should be placed in parentheses
- Use a brief statment of how each result relates to the questions
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