Podcast
Questions and Answers
What reflects ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol?
What reflects ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol?
What are semantic misunderstandings?
What are semantic misunderstandings?
Equivocation, relative words, static evaluation, abstraction vs behavior.
What are 'it,' 'but,' and 'we' statements?
What are 'it,' 'but,' and 'we' statements?
'It' deflects responsibility, 'but' cancels out positive statements, 'we' promotes unity but may misrepresent individual feelings.
What is the difference between ‘listening’ and ‘hearing’?
What is the difference between ‘listening’ and ‘hearing’?
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What characterizes small talk?
What characterizes small talk?
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What is the empathizing response in listening?
What is the empathizing response in listening?
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Match the following types of listening styles with their descriptions:
Match the following types of listening styles with their descriptions:
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The ______ between verbal and nonverbal messages can impact understanding.
The ______ between verbal and nonverbal messages can impact understanding.
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What are the different powerless speech mannerisms?
What are the different powerless speech mannerisms?
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What are the challenges of listening?
What are the challenges of listening?
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What should good questions do in the questioning listening type?
What should good questions do in the questioning listening type?
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Study Notes
Language Rules
- Semantic Rules: Define how meanings are assigned to linguistic symbols, such as words; e.g., "bikes" for riding, "books" for reading.
- Syntactic Rules: Govern grammar, including word order and how words combine to produce meaning.
- Pragmatic Rules: Direct how language operates in everyday interactions; e.g., casual greetings don't typically seek information.
Semantic Misunderstandings
- Equivocation: Use of ambiguous statements that can have multiple meanings, leading to misunderstandings.
- Relative Words: Their meanings depend on context; e.g., "big" or "small" is comparative.
- Static Evaluation: Treating descriptions as immutable truths, e.g., using "is" as constant.
- Abstraction vs. Behavior: Differences in the level of specificity in language used.
Divergence and Convergence
- Divergence: Speaking differently from someone else to highlight uniqueness.
- Convergence: Adapting speech to be similar to another person to build rapport.
"It," "But," and "We" Statements
- "It" Statements: Deflect responsibility; e.g., "It’s a bad idea" vs. "I don’t think…"
- "But" Statements: Cancelling out previous positive comments; e.g., "You're great but…"
- "We" Statements: Promote unity but should not replace personal feelings expressed as "I."
"You" and "I" Language
- "You" Language: Signals other-orientation but can seem evaluative. E.g., "You did a great job!"
- "I" Language: Accepts personal responsibility, less defensive. E.g., "I feel disappointed that…"
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
- Hedges: Uncertain expressions such as "I kind of think…"
- Hesitations: Stalling phrases indicating uncertainty, e.g., "Well, uh…"
- Intensifiers: Modifiers that emphasize feelings, e.g., "I’m really happy…"
- Polite Forms: Courteous language while speaking, e.g., "Excuse me, sir…"
- Tag Questions: Affirmative phrases that invite agreement, e.g., "It's a nice day, isn't it?"
- Disclaimers: Prefacing statements with ambiguity, e.g., "I probably shouldn’t say this, but…"
- Rising Inflections: Vocal cues that turn statements into questions.
Disruptive Language Types
- Fact/Opinion Confusion: Blurring lines between factual statements and personal opinions.
- Fact/Interference Confusion: Assuming facts lead to misunderstandings.
- Emotive Language: Charged language that can skew perceptions (+/-/neutral).
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
- Primarily Relational: Focus on creating and maintaining relationships.
- Ambiguous: Varying interpretations in different contexts.
- Occurs in Mediated Messages: Nonverbal cues in digital or mediated forms.
- Rule-Guided: Governed by cultural and social rules; learned through observation.
- Functions: Accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating, and substituting verbal messages.
- Deception Clues: Indicators of untruths, such as changes in speech pattern.
Emblem Definition
- Specific nonverbal behaviors with widely understood meanings within a cultural group.
American Smile
- Valued for conveying intelligence and professionalism through frequent use.
Nonverbal Communication Types
- Kinesics: Body movements, gestures, posture; can indicate emotional state and social status.
- Haptics: Communication through touch, showing benefits for relationships.
- Proxemics: Use of personal space; varies culturally (intimate, personal, social, public).
- Physical Environment: Influences interaction; includes space, security, and social contact dynamics.
- Paralanguage: How something is said, including tone and pauses.
- Odor Communication: Perfumes and scents as nonverbal signals.
- Chronemics: Communication based on time and its management.
Connections Between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages
- Nonverbals can accent, complement, contradict, regulate, repeat, or substitute verbal messages, highlighting their integral role in communication.
Listening vs. Hearing
- Listening: Active process of receiving and responding; involves comprehension.
- Hearing: Passive reception of sound waves without engagement.
Mindful vs. Mindless Listening
- Mindful Listening: Engaging thoughtfully with messages for deeper understanding.
- Mindless Listening: Automatic reactions to messages lacking substantial thought.
Listening Challenges
- Information overload, personal concerns, rapid thought processes, and environmental distractions hinder effective listening.
Poor Listening Habits
- Include pseudo-listening, stage hogging, selective listening, and defensive listening.
Components of Listening Stages
- Hearing: Initial perception of sound.
- Attending: Selecting stimuli for focus.
- Understanding: Grasping message credibility and significance.
- Responding: Providing feedback to the speaker.
- Memory: Retaining important parts of the message; usually, 30-35% retention by the next day.
Effective Questioning Techniques
- Use open-ended questions to clarify meanings, encourage elaboration and discovery, focusing on others’ thoughts and feelings.
What Empathizing Doesn't Look Like
- Denying feelings, minimizing situations, casting judgment, and defending oneself during conversations.
Least Desired Listening Response
- Advising is frequently used but least wanted in emotional discussions.
Listening Styles
- Task-Oriented: Efficiency-focused; promotes organization but may alienate.
- Relational: Builds emotional closeness; may lead to over-involvement.
- Analytical: Evaluates messages carefully; time-consuming but thorough.
- Critical: Evaluates information critically; can frustrate others.
Characteristics of Small Talk
- Involves safe topics, minimal disagreement, a variety of subjects, and serves as a signal for social availability.
Trivial Talk Dynamics
- Small talk constitutes around 50% of all conversations; frequency and depth vary by relationship closeness.
Importance of Small Talk
- Acts as a relationship-building tool, essential for networking, and can ease social interactions.
Phatic Communication
- Engaging in conversation for its own sake rather than for substantial information exchange.
Guidelines for Small Talk
- Gradually increase topic intimacy, share information, balance speaking turns, follow initial rules, use humor, maintain composure, and show interest in others.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key rules of language used in interpersonal communication, such as semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. It helps to understand how meaning is assigned and structured within everyday interactions. Test your knowledge with these flashcards!
