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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of pro-social deception?
What is the main difference between onymous and anonymous messages?
What is the goal of maintaining positive face in communication?
What is an example of an anonymous message?
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What is the purpose of indirect language in communication?
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What is the main characteristic of concrete words in communication?
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What do verbal messages refer to?
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What type of messages are 'um' or 'erm' considered?
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Which principle of verbal messages states that meanings can be deceiving?
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What is the result of repeatedly calling someone a particular name or label?
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What is the main difference between onymous and anonymous messages?
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What is the ultimate goal of considering the principles of verbal messages?
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What is the result of disconfirmation messages on a person's self-esteem?
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What type of language denigrates an ethnic or racial group?
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What is the term for prejudice against older people or other age groups?
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What type of language disparages lesbians and gay men?
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What is the philosophy of assertive communication in confrontation?
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What is metacommunication?
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What is the result of confirmation messages on a person's self-esteem?
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What type of language is described as expressing attitudes, concerns, and expectations of parents?
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What is the purpose of giving clear feedforward in metacommunication?
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Why is paraphrasing important in metacommunication?
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What is an important aspect of assertive communication?
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What should you do if you have doubts about another's meaning in metacommunication?
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What is the term for language that puts down someone because of their gender?
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What is the result of judging a whole group based on experience with only part of it?
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What is the purpose of distinguishing between factual and inferential statements?
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What is the term for the fallacy of thinking in extremes and forgetting other possibilities?
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Why is it important to update our messages and attitudes about someone?
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What is the term for recognizing that not every member of a group is alike?
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Study Notes
Verbal Messages
- Verbal messages refer to oral and written words, and can also include nonverbal cues like laughter or vocalized pauses.
- Verbal messages can be classified into two categories: onymous (signed) and anonymous (author not identified).
Principles of Verbal Messages
- Messages are packages of verbal and nonverbal signals.
- Meanings can deceive and can be connotative or denotative.
- Messages vary in assertiveness, abstractness, and politeness.
- Messages can be cultural identifiers, which are language used to talk to and about people of different groups (e.g. race, affectional orientation, age, sex, and gender).
Guidelines for Using Verbal Messages Effectively
- Extensionalize: avoid intentional orientation by viewing people or things as they are, rather than how they are labeled.
- Avoid allness by recognizing that there is always more to know and say.
- Distinguish between facts and inferences to avoid fact-inference confusion.
- Discriminate among individuals and avoid stereotypes and indiscrimination.
- Avoid polarization by thinking in extremes and forgetting other possibilities.
- Update messages to avoid static evaluation by recognizing changes and adapting attitudes and beliefs accordingly.
Understanding Interpersonal Skills: Metacommunication
- Metacommunication refers to communication about communication, which can be about the objects and events in the world or about the communication itself.
- Suggestions to increase metacommunication include:
- Explaining feelings that go with thoughts
- Giving clear feedforward to help others understand the message
- Paraphrasing complex messages to clarify meaning
- Asking for clarification to avoid doubts about another's meaning
Confirmation and Disconfirmation
- Messages can confirm or disconfirm, leading to increased or lowered self-esteem.
- Disconfirmation ignores the other person's presence and communication, while rejection disagrees with the person's ideas or behaviors but still recognizes the person.
- Confirmation acknowledges and accepts the other person.
Racism, Ageism, Heterosexism, and Sexism
- Racism, ageism, heterosexism, and sexism are forms of language that denigrate or prejudice certain groups (e.g. racial, ethnic, older people, lesbians and gay men, and gender).
- These forms of language can be individual or institutional.
- Recognizing and avoiding these forms of language is important to maintain positive relationships.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of verbal messages in interpersonal communication, including principles, types of discrimination, and guidelines for effective communication. This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 4, such as confirmation, disconfirmation, cultural identifiers, and avoiding verbal language misuse.
