Internet Standards and Organizations Quiz

Introduction to Networking CT043-3-1 & Version VE1

• This course covers networking protocols and models.
• The course material introduces rules necessary for successful communication.
• Protocols and protocol suites are essential for network communication.
• Standards organizations establish network protocols for interoperability.
• The TCP/IP model and OSI model are used for communication process standardization.
• Data encapsulation enables data transfer across networks.
• Local hosts access local resources on a network.

Protocols

• Communication is governed by protocols that determine communication rules.
• Protocols vary depending on the type of protocol.
• Key terms include unicast, multicast, broadcast, TCP/IP protocol suite, and OSI layers.
• Other key terms include protocol data unit (PDU), encapsulation, de-encapsulation, segments, packets, frames, bits, network addresses, and data link addresses.

Rule Establishment

• Individuals must follow established rules and agreements for communication.
• A correctly formatted message is easier to understand, while a poorly formatted message is difficult to understand.
• Protocols consider sender/receiver, language/grammar, timing, and confirmation/acknowledgement.

Network Protocol Requirements

• Common computer protocols must agree on message encoding, formatting/encapsulation, size, timing, and delivery options.

Message Encoding

• Encoding converts information into a suitable format for transmission.
• Decoding is the reverse process, interpreting the encoded information.
• Messages traveling across a network are converted into bits; represented by light, sound, or electrical impulses.
• The destination host decodes these signals to interpret the message.

Message Formatting and Encapsulation

• Messages use specific formats for transmission.
• The format depends on the type of message and the transmission channel.

Message Size

• Long messages are broken down into smaller pieces (packets) for transmission.

Message Timing

• Flow control regulates the rate of data transmission and speed.
• Response timeout manages waiting time for a response.
• Access methods define when a message may be sent and prevent collisions.
• Some protocols proactively prevent collisions, others react and handle collisions.

Message Delivery Options

• Unicast: one-to-one communication.
• Multicast: one-to-many (not all).
• Broadcast: one-to-all.
• Broadcasts are used in IPv4, not IPv6. Anycast is another delivery method used in IPv6.

A Note About the Node Icon

• Diagrams use a node icon, typically a circle, to represent network devices.
• The diagrams show how devices communicate via unicast, multicast, broadcast.

Protocols-Network Protocol Overview

• Network protocols establish common rules for device communication.
• Protocols can be implemented in software, hardware, or both.
• Protocols have a defined function, format, and set of rules.
• Protocol types include network communications, network security, routing, and service discovery.

Protocols-Network Protocol Functions

• Devices use agreed-upon protocols for communication.
• Protocols can have addressing, reliability, flow control, sequencing, error detection, and application interface functions, to manage communication.

Protocols-Protocol Interaction

• Networks use multiple protocols for communication.
• Each protocol has a function and format for different tasks.

Protocol Suites-Network Protocol Suites

• Protocols must work together for successful communication.
• Protocol suites are groups of interconnected protocols for a specific communication function.
• Protocols operate in layers, and higher layers provide support functions for lower layers.

Protocol Suites-Evolution of Protocol Suites

• Protocol suites like TCP/IP, OSI, AppleTalk, and Novell NetWare exist.

Protocol Suites-TCP/IP Protocol Example

• TCP/IP protocols are used in the application, transport, and internet layers.
• Ethernet, and wireless LAN (WLAN) are common network access layer protocols.

Protocol Suites-TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• TCP/IP is a widely used, open standard protocol suite available to all vendors.
• It’s maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• A standards-based suite that promotes network interoperability.

Protocol Suites-TCP/IP Communication Process

• Web servers encapsulate web pages for client delivery.
• Clients de-encapsulate (deconstruct) web pages for browser use.

Standards Organizations-Open Standards

• Standards organizations promote interoperability, competition, and innovation in network technologies.
• Examples include IEEE, IANA, IETF, ITU, TIA.

Standards Organizations-Internet Standards

• Organizations like ISOC, IAB, IETF, and IRTF maintain internet standards.

Standards Organizations-Internet Standards (Cont.)

• IANA and ICANN manage IP addresses, domain names, and protocol identifiers for the internet.

Standards Organizations-Electronic and Communications Standards

• Organizations like IEEE, EIA, TIA, ITU-T define standards for various sectors (e.g., power, telecoms, electronics).

Reference Models-The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

• Layered models (e.g., OSI and TCP/IP) simplify the understanding of complex network operations.
• Layered models promote protocol design, competition, and prevent errors.
• Provide a common language for network functions.

Reference Models-The OSI Reference Model

• The OSI model describes seven layers for network communication.

Reference Models-The TCP/IP Reference Model

• The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access.

Reference Models-OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison

• The OSI model and TCP/IP model differ.

Data Encapsulation-Segmenting Messages

• Segmenting breaks large messages into smaller units.
• Multiplexing combines multiple segments into one transmission.
• Benefits of segmentation are speed and efficiency.

Data Encapsulation-Sequencing

• Sequencing numbers segments to allow correct re-assembly.
• TCP manages segment sequencing.

Data Encapsulation-Protocol Data Units (PDU)

• Protocols add data to create Protocol Data Units (PDUs) as data moves down the stack.

Data Encapsulation-Encapsulation Example

• Data encapsulation involves moving data through each layer of the network architecture.

Data Encapsulation-De-encapsulation Example

• De-encapsulation is the process where layers remove headers until the raw data is received for the application to use.

Data Access-Addresses

• Data link and network layers use addressing for source-to-destination data delivery.
• Network layer addresses allow delivery to the final destinations.
• Data link layer addresses deliver frames within a network.

Data Access-Layer 3 Logical Address

• IP packets include source and destination addresses.
• Source addresses identify the sending device.
• Destination addresses identify the receiving device.
• Addresses can be on the same or different networks.

Data Access-Layer 3 Logical Address (Cont.)

• An IP address has network and host parts.
• Network portion identifies the network group.
• Host portion identifies the specific device.

Data Access-Devices on the Same Network

• Devices on the same network have the same network portion in their IP addresses.

Data Access-Devices on a Remote Network

• If devices are on different networks, data is routed through gateways.

Data Access-Role of the Network Layer Addresses

• Network-layer addresses determine the route for data across networks.
• PC1 and the web server would have different network portions of their IP addresses to indicate that they are on different networks.

Data Access-Role of the Data Link Layer Addresses: Different IP Networks

• Layer 3 provides a gateway to allow routing to a remote network.
• All devices on a network must know the gateway to a remote network.

Test your knowledge on various organizations that govern internet standards and network operations. This quiz covers the roles of key entities like ISOC, ICANN, and TIA, as well as concepts related to network modeling and addressing. Perfect for students and professionals interested in internet governance and technology.