Internet of Things and Integration Models

Internet of Things (IoT)

• A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices over the internet.

Integrated Programming Technologies

• Combining existing software components to form a complete system.
• A set of integration approaches that connect different components of IT infrastructure to enable secure, inter-application collaboration.
• Create dynamic environments that support current and evolving business requirements.
• Allows the unlimited sharing of data and business processes among applications without major changes to the applications or data structures.

Inter-system Communication

• Communication between heterogeneous integrated systems.
• Can be achieved through system integration, functional or technology integration, incremental engineering, or modification of existing systems.

Integration Model

• Defines how applications will be integrated by defining the nature and mechanisms for integration.
• Presentation Integration Model: Integrates new software through existing presentations.
• Data Integration Model: Integrates applications through access to data stored by the software.
• Functional Integration Model: Integrates applications for the purpose of invoking functionality from other applications.

Integration Fundamental Challenges

• Network unreliability.
• Distributed Systems.
• Slow networks.
• Application heterogeneity.
• Modification Complexity.

Integration Methods: Application Integration

• A framework composed of technologies and services that enable integration of systems and applications.
• Four common methods:
  • File Transfer: Applications produce files containing information for other applications to consume.
  • Shared Database: A single physical database shared by different applications running on different platforms.
  • Remote Procedure Invocation: Applications are developed as large-scale objects with encapsulated data.
  • Messaging: Transfers packets of data frequently, immediately, reliably, and asynchronously or synchronously using customizable formats.

Middleware

• Software located between the operating system and applications that connects them.
• Provides a standard interface to application developers for interoperability.
• Three types:
  • Transaction-oriented middleware: Supports distributed computing involving database applications.
  • Message-oriented middleware: Supports reliable, asynchronous communication between components.
  • Object-oriented middleware: Supports communication between objects, primarily synchronously (e.g., CORBA, DCOM, RMI).

Integrative Architectures

• Standardized methodologies for application integration (e.g., CORBA, DCOM, RPC).
• Act as middleware, mediating between different applications.

RPC

• Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol is used to communicate between processes on different workstations.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

• A software standard defined and maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG) that enables communication between objects.

Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)

• Extends COM to support communication between objects.
• A remote protocol defining binary standards for component interoperability.

Common Messaging Frameworks

• JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): Used to transfer data between networked applications.
• REST (Representational State Transfer): An architectural style that uses HTTP for communication.
• XML (Extensible Markup Language): A markup language used to define structured data.
• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol used for exchanging structured data using XML over HTTP or SMTP.

Web Services

• Interoperable machine-to-machine software functions hosted at a network addressable location built on open standards and protocols.
• Use protocols such as:
  • XML: Tagging, coding, and decoding data.
  • WSDL (Web Services Description Language): Describing web services and how to connect.
  • UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration): Listing available services within an application and making them discoverable.

2 Major Implementations of Web Services

• SOAP: Exchanging structured data using XML over HTTP and SMTP. Uses WSDL for service descriptions.
• REST: An architectural style that uses HTTP and repurposes methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform actions on objects represented by unique URLs.

Explore the concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Integrated Programming Technologies through this quiz. Delve into the mechanisms of inter-system communication and integration models that facilitate collaboration among various applications. Test your understanding of these essential technologies that are shaping the interconnected world.