Internet Infrastructure and Components

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Questions and Answers

What is the principle of Net Neutrality?

  • Internet providers do not use their privileged position to favour some applications and services over others. (correct)
  • Internet providers favour some applications and services over others.
  • Internet providers only support frozen pizza.
  • Internet providers only support Napoletana pizza.

OSTEP and CIAIT are supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

True (A)

What is DevOps?

Integrated Development and Operations

The Data Lake is used for _______________ analytics.

<p>smart buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following technologies with their descriptions:

<p>ARM = Processors for hyperscale servers AI/ML = Content-based Tagging for video categorization DevOps = Integrated Development and Operations Cloud Organization = Virtual Machines and Containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cloud service that provides pizza?

<p>Pizza as a Service (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Centre for Innovation in AI Technology (CIAIT) is a research centre supported by NSERC.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a network that stores and distributes content at edge locations?

<p>Content Delivery Network (CDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Network?

<p>A set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Internet is a network of peer networks.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a VPN?

<p>To provide a remote connection to a private intranet across a public network via IP tunnelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Internet was made possible by the development of open standards such as _______________ , HTTP, and HTML.

<p>TCP/IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of networks with their descriptions:

<p>WAN = A network that spans a large geographic area LAN = A high-speed network for an Intranet MAN = A network that connects multiple LANs in a metropolitan area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the concept that all packets are created equal on the Internet?

<p>Net neutrality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Tier 1 ISP?

<p>To connect to other Tier 1 ISPs and exchange Internet traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

IXPs are used for peering and transit between ISPs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) used for?

<p>Providing servers, secondary storage, and networking services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing allows for scalability and elasticity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PaaS (Platform as a Service) used for?

<p>PaaS provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing - ___________ as a Service provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications.

<p>Platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cloud computing services with their descriptions:

<p>IaaS = Provides servers, secondary storage, and networking services PaaS = Provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications SaaS = Provides end-user applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Google Compute Engine (GCP) is an example of IaaS.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using Cloud Computing?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an analogy used to explain Cloud Computing Services?

<p>A pizza analogy (Software as a Pizza, Platform as a Pizza, Infrastructure as a Pizza)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary usage of JavaScript?

<p>Client-side scripting for web applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing is only used for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a company that provides access to the internet?

<p>Internet Service Provider (ISP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The top website in terms of monthly traffic is _______________________, with 83.9 billion visits.

<p>google.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following websites with their categories:

<p>Wikipedia = Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Twitter = Social Media Networks Baidu = Search Engines Instagram = Social Media Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

<p>To distribute traffic better and protect from DDoS attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect end users to the Internet at Tier 1 level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of App Platforms and Stacks?

<p>Content deployment and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reverse Proxy/CDN providers, such as _______________________, provide networks to cache content and protect from attack.

<p>Akamai, Cloudflare, AWS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following entities with their primary function:

<p>App Platforms and Stacks = Provide infrastructure for platforms to live Hosts = Content deployment and development ISPs = Connect end users to the Internet CDN = Distribute traffic better and protect from DDoS attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Recursive DNS providers cache information to resolve end users' DNS queries quickly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Registrars?

<p>To register domain names (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

<p>Connect end users to the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of App Platforms and Stacks?

<p>To provide hosted software development stacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing is only used for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)?

<p>To cache content and protect from attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

The top website in terms of monthly traffic is _______________________, with 83.9 billion visits.

<p>google.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

<p>To provide access to the internet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect end users to the Internet at Tier 1 level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following entities with their primary function:

<p>App Platforms and Stacks = Provide hosted software development stacks Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) = Cache content and protect from attack Internet Service Providers (ISPs) = Provide access to the internet Registrars = Resolve end users' DNS queries quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Registrars?

<p>To manage domain name registrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of App Platforms and Stacks?

<p>Content deployment and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect end users to the Internet at Tier 1 level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Recursive DNS providers?

<p>Cache information to resolve end users' DNS queries quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) provide networks to ______________________ content and protect from attack.

<p>cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following entities with their primary function:

<p>Internet Service Providers (ISPs) = Connect end users to the Internet Registrars = Register domain names Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) = Cache content and protect from attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)?

<p>Peering and transit between ISPs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tier 1 ISPs connect end users to the Internet.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Authoritative & Root DNS?

<p>Official reference of domains, names, and related IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of network connects computers together for the purpose of sharing resources?

<p>Network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Internet is a single network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an Internet Exchange Point (IXP)?

<p>peering and transit between ISPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______________________ protocol is an open standard used on the Internet.

<p>TCP/IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of networks with their descriptions:

<p>LAN = High-speed Local Area Network for an Intranet WAN = Wide Area Network, e.g. public Internet MAN = Metropolitan Area Network, e.g. TTC subway station WiFi VPN = Virtual Private Network – remote connection to a private Intranet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Tier 1 ISP?

<p>Peering with other ISPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

<p>providing access to the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open standards, such as TCP/IP, HTTP, and HTML, contributed to the success of the Internet.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

<p>Providing access to the internet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Cloud Computing is only used for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using Cloud Computing?

<p>Scalability and elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The top website in terms of monthly traffic is _______________________, with 83.9 billion visits.

<p>google.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cloud computing services with their descriptions:

<p>IaaS = Infrastructure as a Service PaaS = Platform as a Service SaaS = Software as a Service</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)?

<p>Providing networks to cache content and protect from attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Recursive DNS providers cache information to resolve end users' DNS queries quickly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?

<p>An application delivered over a network/Internet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks require a central server.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks?

<p>low cost, easy to install, and no need for skilled staff, expensive servers, high bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blockchain addresses the issues of ______________________ in Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks.

<p>security + trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a SaaS for the front-office?

<p>SalesForce CRM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their descriptions:

<p>Google Apps = Streaming services for consumers Microsoft Office 365 = eLearning BigBlueButton = Back office SaaS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing allows for scalability and elasticity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of technology on space and time?

<p>It disrupts the ecology of space and time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Cloud Computing?

<p>Scalability and elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing is only used for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

<p>To cache content and protect from attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud Computing provides _______________ as a Service, which provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications.

<p>Platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a company that provides access to the internet?

<p>ISP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect end users to the Internet at Tier 1 level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cloud computing services with their descriptions:

<p>IaaS = Provides servers, storage, and networking services PaaS = Provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications SaaS = Provides end-user applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

<p>To provide access to the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Internet Infrastructure

  • The Internet is made up of Tier 1 & 2 Internet Exchanges (IXPs), which connect through the oceans and facilitate peering and transit between networks.
  • Rooftop infrastructure includes cooling towers, diesel generators, chillers, and condensers.
  • Key players in the Internet ecosystem include browsers, search engines, content creators, app platforms, hosts, ISPs, transit providers, reverse proxies, and recursive DNS providers.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

  • ISPs (e.g., Teksavvy, Bell, Rogers) connect end-users to the Internet, providing infrastructure for the last mile.
  • Transit providers connect end-users to the rest of the Internet.

Cloud Computing

  • Cloud computing provides scalable and elastic infrastructure, platforms, and software as a service.
  • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides servers, storage, and networking services.
  • PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides hosted software development stacks for creating web applications.
  • SaaS (Software as a Service) provides end-user applications.

Computer Networks

  • Types of computer networks include WAN (Wide Area Network), Intranet, LAN (Local Area Network), VPN (Virtual Private Network), and MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).
  • Networks are connected for the purpose of sharing resources.

Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

  • IXPs are points where Tier 1 and 2 networks connect for peering and transit.
  • Examples of IXPs include 151 Front St W, 905 King St W, and 45 Parliament St.

Success of the Internet

  • Open standards (TCP/IP, HTTP, HTML, WWW browser) and open source (GNU/Linux, Apache Web Server) contributed to the Internet's success.
  • World-wide networking, affordable bandwidth, decentralized infrastructure, and innovation by competition also contributed to its growth.

Net Neutrality

  • Net neutrality is the principle of an open and neutral Internet, where Internet providers do not favor some applications and services over others.

Internet Infrastructure

  • Cooling towers, diesel generators, chillers, and condensers are used to support Tier 1 & 2 Internet Exchanges and IXPs connected through the oceans.
  • The Internet is brought to you by browsers, search engines, content creators, app platforms, hosts, ISPs, transit providers, reverse proxy/CDN, recursive DNS providers, authoritative & root DNS, and registrars.

Internet Ecosystem

  • Browsers (e.g. Firefox, Chrome) process JavaScript and render Internet content into a consumable form for end-users.
  • Search engines (e.g. Startpage, DuckDuckGo, Google, Bing) help you discover online content.
  • Content creators author the content you see online.
  • App platforms and stacks (e.g. Facebook, Shopify, Wordpress, Drupal, LAMP, ASP.NET) provide content deployment and development.
  • Hosts (e.g. matrix, Amazon Web Services, WHC.ca, Rackspace) provide infrastructure where the platforms live.
  • ISPs (e.g. Teksavvy, Bell, Rogers) connect end-users to the Internet (Tier 3).
  • Transit providers connect you from the last mile (Tier 3 ISPs) to the rest of the Internet (Tier 2 & 1).
  • Reverse proxy/CDN (e.g. Akamai, Cloudflare, AWS) provide networks to cache content and protect from attacks.
  • Recursive DNS providers (e.g. CIRA, Quad9, OpenDNS) cache info to resolve end-users' DNS queries quickly.
  • Authoritative & root DNS (e.g. Dyn, Cloudflare) are the official reference of domains, names, and related IP addresses.

Networking

  • A network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.
  • The Internet is a network of peer networks.
  • WAN = Wide Area Network, e.g. public Internet.
  • Intranet = inside a private network.PCs, BYOD, servers for file + print + storage + data sharing.
  • LAN = high-speed Local Area Network for an Intranet.
  • VPN = Virtual Private Network – remote connection to a private intranet across a public network via IP tunnelling.
  • MAN = Metropolitan Area Network, e.g. TTC subway station WiFi is on a MAN from BAI Communications.

Tier 1/2 IXP & Tier 3 ISP

  • Tier 1/2 IXP (Internet Exchange Point) – peering and transit.
  • Tier 3 ISP (Internet Service Provider) – connecting end-users to the Internet.

Cloud Computing

  • Cloud Computing: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
  • IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service provides servers, and/or secondary storage, and/or networking services (e.g. AWS, Google Compute Engine).
  • PaaS: Platform as a Service provides hosted software development stacks to create web applications (e.g. Windows Azure, Google App Engine).
  • SaaS: Software as a Service is an application delivered over a network/Internet (e.g. SalesForce CRM, Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365).

Computer Networks & Internet

  • Open Standards: TCP/IP, HTTP, HTML, WWW browser (Sir Tim Berners-Lee, 1990; Marc Andreessen, 1993; W3C, 1994).
  • Open Source: GNU/Linux, Apache Web Server.
  • World-wide networking from glass fibre & telecom goldrush.
  • Affordable bandwidth: speed + capacity grows for the same $.
  • Decentralized, cooperative infrastructure, e.g. peering.
  • Growth by cooperation. Innovation by competition. Net neutrality: all packets are created equal.

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