Podcast
Questions and Answers
What protocol serves as the foundation for data exchange across the internet?
What protocol serves as the foundation for data exchange across the internet?
- FTP
- URI
- TCP/IP (correct)
- HTTP
Which layer of the TCP/IP structure is responsible for error handling and driving physical transfers?
Which layer of the TCP/IP structure is responsible for error handling and driving physical transfers?
- Application Layer
- Link Layer (correct)
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
What is a main characteristic of the World Wide Web (WWW)?
What is a main characteristic of the World Wide Web (WWW)?
- It is managed by a single central authority.
- It operates on a distributed hypermedia architecture. (correct)
- It relies solely on email for communication.
- It is a static framework without interactivity.
Which organization is involved in the regulation and management of internet resources, including IP addresses?
Which organization is involved in the regulation and management of internet resources, including IP addresses?
What does an IP address represent in the context of the internet?
What does an IP address represent in the context of the internet?
Which layer is responsible for the end-to-end delivery of packets in the TCP/IP model?
Which layer is responsible for the end-to-end delivery of packets in the TCP/IP model?
Which of the following is NOT a service supported by the internet protocols?
Which of the following is NOT a service supported by the internet protocols?
What is the role of the Application Layer in the TCP/IP model?
What is the role of the Application Layer in the TCP/IP model?
What is the primary characteristic of TCP compared to UDP?
What is the primary characteristic of TCP compared to UDP?
Which scenario is most appropriate for using UDP?
Which scenario is most appropriate for using UDP?
Which of the following statements regarding TCP and UDP headers is true?
Which of the following statements regarding TCP and UDP headers is true?
When is it recommended to use TCP over UDP?
When is it recommended to use TCP over UDP?
Which transport layer protocol is characterized as connectionless?
Which transport layer protocol is characterized as connectionless?
Which of the following protocols typically utilizes UDP for communication?
Which of the following protocols typically utilizes UDP for communication?
In what type of applications is TCP typically utilized?
In what type of applications is TCP typically utilized?
What does the application layer primarily rely on the transport layer for?
What does the application layer primarily rely on the transport layer for?
What best describes the primary function of the UDP module?
What best describes the primary function of the UDP module?
Which field in a TCP header acts as a de facto acknowledgment for all previously sent data?
Which field in a TCP header acts as a de facto acknowledgment for all previously sent data?
What is the maximum length in bytes of the TCP header?
What is the maximum length in bytes of the TCP header?
Which feature differentiates TCP from UDP in terms of packet handling?
Which feature differentiates TCP from UDP in terms of packet handling?
In the context of TCP, what does the 'Receive window' field indicate?
In the context of TCP, what does the 'Receive window' field indicate?
What is the role of the Control bits in the TCP header?
What is the role of the Control bits in the TCP header?
Which statement is true regarding sockets that utilize UDP?
Which statement is true regarding sockets that utilize UDP?
What happens if the UDP checksum is not calculated?
What happens if the UDP checksum is not calculated?
What is the primary function of the network layer in networking?
What is the primary function of the network layer in networking?
What does a subnet mask do in a network?
What does a subnet mask do in a network?
What distinguishes a socket from a port in networking?
What distinguishes a socket from a port in networking?
Which of the following statements about an IPv4 address is true?
Which of the following statements about an IPv4 address is true?
What are system ports in the context of port numbers?
What are system ports in the context of port numbers?
How does User Datagram Protocol (UDP) handle data transmission?
How does User Datagram Protocol (UDP) handle data transmission?
In what scenario would two hosts be considered to be on the same subnet?
In what scenario would two hosts be considered to be on the same subnet?
What is the role of a destination port in UDP datagrams?
What is the role of a destination port in UDP datagrams?
Flashcards
Internet
Internet
A worldwide network of computer networks that uses common standards to connect and exchange data.
World Wide Web (WWW)
World Wide Web (WWW)
A system of interconnected web pages accessed via the internet using HTTP.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
A set of communication protocols used for internet communication.
IP address
IP address
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Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
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HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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Client-Server Architecture
Client-Server Architecture
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Networking Layers
Networking Layers
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Network Layer
Network Layer
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Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask
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Transport Layer
Transport Layer
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Port
Port
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Socket
Socket
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UDP
UDP
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UDP Datagram
UDP Datagram
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UDP Length
UDP Length
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UDP Checksum
UDP Checksum
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TCP Sequence Number
TCP Sequence Number
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TCP Acknowledgment Number
TCP Acknowledgment Number
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TCP Data Offset
TCP Data Offset
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TCP Receive Window
TCP Receive Window
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TCP Urgent Pointer
TCP Urgent Pointer
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What is a reliable service?
What is a reliable service?
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What is a best-effort service?
What is a best-effort service?
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Study Notes
Internet and Web Programming
- The internet is a worldwide network with common standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
- It connects computer networks globally (World Wide Web)
- It facilitates data and information exchange
World Wide Web (WWW)
- The WWW is a globally distributed hypermedia application
- It uses a client-server architecture
- Data transfer uses Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- WWW clients and browsers employ agreed communication standards and software systems
Nature of the Internet
- The internet is a network of Wide Area Networks (WANs) connected by gateways
- Protocols used include TCP/IP
- Internet functionality relies on standard services (e.g., DNS, email, web services)
- No central operations room or global manager
- Individual internet hosts have unique IP addresses (e.g., 137.195.1348)
- Some hosts use domain names (e.g., www.hw.ac.uk)
Internet Regulation
- The internet is regulated by the IETF, ICANN, and ISOC
- These entities include the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), and the Internet Society (ISOC)
TCP/IP Network Structure
- TCP/IP networks are structured in four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Link layers.
- Data flows through these layers.
- Application layer interacts directly with users or applications.
- Transport layer manages the reliable delivery of data (e.g. TCP, UDP)
- The Internet layer handles datagram delivery, addressing, and routing (e.g. IP).
- The Link layer manages physical transfer and error handling.
Networking Layers - Physical Layer
- Provides physical connection between networked computers
- Requires a physical medium for information transmission
Networking Layers - Link Layer
- Enables communication between physically connected hosts
- Source host packages information to be transmitted through the physical link
- To ensure the intended destination has a chance of receiving information
Networking Layer - Network Layer
- Provides logical addressing and infrastructure
- Allows for host replacement, subnetwork segregation, and communication between distant subnetworks
- Defines logical addressing using IPv4 which is a 32-bit number (typically displayed as four 8-bit numbers separated by periods). This provides for 4 billion unique IP addresses.
- Hosts on the same subnet have identified IP addresses when bitwise ANDed with subnet masks that result in the same outcome
Networking Layers - Transport Layer
- Facilitates communication between processes on different hosts.
- Uses ports which are 16-bit numbers identifying the communication endpoint.
- Ports range from 0 to 1023 (system ports or reserved ports)
- The range 49152 to 65535 (dynamic ports)
- Protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- TCP is connection-oriented, reliable, and ordered.
- UDP is connectionless, lightweight, and unordered.
Networking Layers - Sockets
- Sockets are endpoints for two-way communication between programs in a network.
- They relate to a specific port number and IP address.
- Specific combinations of ports and IPs act as identifiers for a machine and a service within it.
Networking Layers - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Lightweight protocol for data wrapping and sending between hosts
- 8-byte header with data followed by payload
- Includes source port, destination port, length, and checksum fields
- Source port identifies the originating port.
- Destination port is the receiving port
- Length field specifies the length of UDP header and payload
- Checksum is an optional checksum of UDP header, payload, and relevant IP Header fields - often ignored as lower layers validate the data
Networking Layers - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- Enables continuous connections between two hosts
- Provides reliable stream of data transfer
- Uses port numbers, sequence numbers, and acknowledgment numbers
- Headers have source and destination port numbers, sequence number, acknowledgement number, data offset, control bits, receive window, and urgent pointer fields.
Networking Layers - Application Layer
- Home to internet protocols
- Includes protocols like DHCP (for configuration), DNS(domain name translation)
- DNS queries and responses use UDP on port 53
Examples of Protocols (Internet Layers)
- Key protocols outlined in the different layers of the Internet - eg SMTP, IMAP, HTTP, DNS, RTP, SNMP, TFTP, TCP, UDP, SCTP; IP, ICMP, IPSEC, IGMP; Ethernet, 802.11, DSL, ARP, L2TP, ISDN, GPRS, PPP TCP and UDP have been highlighted extensively and are important to many internet-based applications
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