International Organizations by Pease
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of functionalist analyses?

  • International regimes
  • Non-gouvernementele organisations
  • Explaining why some international organizations function well in non-political spheres (correct)
  • International law

    • Realists view international organizations as a projection of the hegemon's power.

    True

    What is the main focus of global governance?

    Defining and addressing world issues in the absence of a world government.

    Non-gouvernementele organisations (NGOs) are ______________ organizations that engage in a variety of international activities.

    <p>non-profit, private</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the main architects of the League of Nations?

    <p>Woodrow Wilson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the United Nations (UN) established?

    <p>1945</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The League of Nations had 3 main principles, which were later adopted by its successor, the United Nations (UN). One principle was the idea of collective security where international security is directly linked to the security of _____.

    <p>member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United Nations General Assembly holds binding voting on important matters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which European institution consists of the heads of state/government of EU member states providing political leadership for the EU?

    <p>European Council</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Parliament has extensive legislative powers within the EU.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary decision-making body in the EU composed of the involved ministers of the governments of EU member states?

    <p>Council of Ministers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Court of Justice consists of 27 judges who are appointed by ____ governments.

    <p>national</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the top priority of states according to traditional realists in the context of international war?

    <p>national security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neorealists and neomercantilists, what do states see as crucial for their power and security?

    <p>Economic issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the trade-off hypothesis, states will strive to maximize power rather than security.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neorealists and neomercantilists, some forms of economic activity, especially industrial production, are crucial for the _____ and security of a state.

    <p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles of international organizations (IOs) with their descriptions:

    <p>Mechanism for secret understandings of great powers = IOs Important for making minor changes in the existing order while preserving underlying principles and norms = IOs Guardians of international socialization, legitimizing the existing order and gaining acceptance from the dominated = IOs The right to create and control them is what the most powerful states have fought for in the most devastating wars = IOs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to liberalism, what is the role of International Organizations (IOs) in international relations?

    <p>To play a positive and constructive role in achieving international stability and prosperity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of modern international law according to liberalism?

    <p>Hugo Grotius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to liberalism, people are essentially cooperative, and limited government involvement is encouraged.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the concept in liberalism where the 'invisible hand' regulates the market for self-regulation and prosperity.

    <p>Laissez-faire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the liberal philosopher with their contribution:

    <p>Hugo Grotius = Founding international law John Locke = Limited government and individual centrality Adam Smith = 'Invisible hand' regulating market Immanuel Kant = Advocating for peaceful conflict resolution Jeremy Bentham = Utilitarian rational decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the social arrangement under feudalism regarding land inheritance?

    <p>Land is passed from father to the first son, with later sons receiving money but no land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classes emerge in society with the rise of capitalism?

    <p>Bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under capitalism, the legitimacy to rule is no longer hereditary.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In capitalism, the tendency of the market is towards the concentration of ________.

    <p>capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Hegemony = Conquest over the other classes Oligopoly = Market structure with a few powerful firms Imperialism = Colonial expansion by capitalist states Proletariat = Working class in a capitalist society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the nature of international relations considered conflictual according to the text?

    <p>Due to the superior-subordinate nature of gender relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes international relations according to the concept of patriarchate?

    <p>Male dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to feminist theories, Marxist perspective is highly male-oriented.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constructivism suggests that the world is socially __________.

    <p>constructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following international relations theories with their gender-related characteristics:

    <p>Realism = Emphasis on male dominance in international organizations Liberalism = Focus on market and male-centric aspects Marxism = Least male-oriented perspective, emphasizing exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who nominates the Secretary-General of the United Nations?

    <p>Security Council</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations?

    <p>Balancing the interests of UN and member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three interconnected roles of International Organizations (IOs) according to Marxism?

    <p>political supplements to capitalism; mechanisms of dominance; developers of hegemony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The General Assembly has the authority to make recommendations on international security issues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of IOs as a mechanism of dominance?

    <p>Exploiting and controlling weaker states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feminism emphasizes the importance of gender in understanding international politics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traditional peacekeeping missions require the consent of the main parties involved in the conflict and a temporary _________________.

    <p>ceasefire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Modern feminism, women should be allowed to participate in _____________ roles to eliminate gender stereotypes.

    <p>traditional male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    International Organizations

    • Definition: International organizations are formal institutions with states as members, also known as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
    • Characteristics: IGOs have a special legal status under international law, allowing them to act under international law.
    • Examples: UN, NATO, EU, and Arab League.

    Theories of International Relations

    Realism

    • State-centric approach: States are the most important actors in international relations.
    • Anarchy: There is no higher authority or world government, leading to a struggle for survival and power.
    • Balance of power: A hierarchical ranking of power within the international system.
    • Hegemony: A dominant state supports and maintains international organizations as long as they serve its interests.

    Liberalism

    • Worldview: Strong belief in individual values, limited government, market, and rule of law.
    • International relations based on peaceful exchange of goods, services, and ideas between societies.
    • Non-state actors (e.g., MNCs and IGOs) are important in international relations.
    • International cooperation and conflict are intertwined.

    Marxism

    • Economic and political inequality: Focus on the role of economic and political inequality in international relations.
    • Capitalism: The dominant system in the international arena, driven by profit maximization.
    • Classes: Bourgeoisie (owners of production means) and proletariat (workers).
    • Core states (developed countries) provide capital and goods, while peripheral states (third-world countries) provide cheap labor and resources.

    Feminism

    • Gender matters: The experiences of women in war, politics, markets, and class are often overlooked.
    • International relations are characterized by conflict, which is rooted in the superior-inferior nature of gender relations.
    • Patriarchy: The dominance of men in international relations.
    • NGOs are seen as more "feminine" and are often more horizontal in structure, working with IGOs to help victims of world politics.

    Constructivism

    • Social norms and shared identities: International organizations help shape and spread these norms and identities.
    • Rejection of objective reality: Beliefs and interests are socially constructed, shaped by social bonds and identities.

    Other Concepts

    • Functionalism: Analyzes international organizations in non-political areas, such as economic and social spheres.
    • Study of international regimes: Examines other forms of international interactions, including cooperation with or without IGOs.
    • Global governance: Focuses on how states and non-state actors define and address global problems in the absence of a world government.
    • International law: The formal rules and principles governing relations between states and international organizations.### International Organizations: Nuts and Bolts
    • The Congress of Vienna (1815-1822) is often seen as the first modern precursor to a contemporary intergovernmental organization (IGO).
    • The League of Nations was the first global IGO with universal membership, established after World War I, with three organs:
      • The League of Nations established the Council of Four, comprising the United States, France, Britain, and Italy. The Council's primary responsibilities included preventing wars, ensuring peaceful conflict resolution, and addressing international crises. The Council's authority was grounded in Article X of the League's Covenant, which granted it the power to intervene in disputes between member states. This provision aimed to promote collective security and maintain world peace.
      • Assembly: a quasi-legislative organ, comprising all League members, with each member allowed up to three representatives.
      • Secretariat: the bureaucracy, responsible for executing policy and mandates.
    • The League of Nations had three key principles, later adopted by its successor, the United Nations (UN):
      • Collective security, where international security is directly linked to national security.
      • Norm for peaceful conflict resolution through means such as mediation, negotiation, arbitration, and adjudication.
      • Promoting international cooperation on economic and social grounds.

    United Nations (UN)

    • Established in 1945, with the aim of creating a multipurpose, universal IGO, like the League of Nations.
    • The UN's primary goal is to maintain international peace and security, promote friendly relations, and address economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.
    • The UN is composed of six main organs:
      • General Assembly:
        • Functions: deliberating and considering problems and questions arising under the Charter; initiating studies and making recommendations for promoting political cooperation and progressive development of international law.
        • Based on liberal democratic principles of political equality and majority rule.
      • Security Council:
        • Primary responsibility is maintaining international peace and security.
        • Decisions are binding on member states, which must comply and assist in their implementation.
        • Comprises 15 members: 5 permanent members (the victorious powers of World War II) and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly.
      • International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court:
        • Semi-autonomous within the UN, interpreting the Charter and international law.
        • Comprises 15 judges, with no two judges from the same nationality.
      • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
        • Promoting economic and social cooperation among member states, focusing on economic development, human rights, and social welfare.
        • Comprises 54 members elected by the General Assembly.
      • Secretariat:
        • The UN bureaucracy, headed by the Secretary-General, responsible for executing UN tasks and functions.
      • Trusteeship Council:
        • Originally responsible for overseeing the transition of colonies to self-governing territories, but currently has no function.

    Principles of the UN

    • Sovereign equality of all members
    • Members accept voluntary responsibility to fulfill international obligations upon joining
    • Peaceful settlement of conflicts
    • Members may not threaten or use force in international relations
    • The UN may not intervene in domestic jurisdiction of member states

    UN Ambitions and Challenges

    • Financial problems: the US contributes the most but also has the most arrears
    • Protection of personnel: attacks, kidnappings, and murders
    • Lack of leadership and representation
    • Reforms: addressing tensions between the US and other powerful members, and the North-South conflict

    Regional Intergovernmental Organizations

    • The European Union (EU) is an example of a regional IGO.### Supranational Organization
    • A supranational organization is the highest form of economic, political, and social integration in a modern international organization, consisting of multiple organizations.

    European Council (Europese Raad)

    • Comprises the heads of state/government of EU member states, providing political leadership for the EU
    • Meets twice a year with representatives of other EU institutions to coordinate EU policy with national politics and interests
    • Has increasing influence on EU affairs, but most political and military (and some monetary) decisions are still made at the national level

    The Council of Ministers (Raad van Ministers)

    • Comprises the relevant ministers of the governments of EU member states, serving as the main decision-making body
    • Composition varies depending on the subject and members of the Council, representing national governments of the EU
    • Decisions are made by weighted average with a qualified majority, but often informally through unanimity

    European Commission (Europese Commissie)

    • Reports formally to the Council of Ministers, but has significant autonomy
    • Comprises 27 commissioners representing the interests of the EU
    • Has various forms of power, including the ability to initiate policy proposals, execute EU policy, and implement multilateral EU treaties

    European Parliament

    • Responsible for overseeing the Commission, but has limited legislative power, mainly advisory and symbolic
    • Provides advice to the Council and Commission on proposals and must approve the Commission's overall budget
    • Part of the co-decision procedure, which involves multiple stages of proposal, revision, and voting

    European Court of Justice (Europees Hof van Justitie)

    • Can rule on conflicts based on treaties, ensuring EU policy and national laws are in line with EU treaties
    • Comprises 27 judges appointed by national governments
    • Individuals and governments can appeal to the European Court of Justice

    Ambitions and Challenges of the EU

    • EU citizens do not always support EU policy
    • Questions about the euro
    • National budget deficits
    • Debt crisis in Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain, resulting in bailouts
    • Steps towards political and military integration since the Maastricht Treaty, including a common foreign and security policy

    Realism Theory

    • Focuses on power politics and the role of hard power (e.g., military) and soft power (e.g., ideas, wealth, innovation)
    • Pessimistic view of the role of international organizations in preventing war
    • Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Von Clausewitz are key figures in the development of realist thought

    Modern Realism

    • States are the primary actors in international relations
    • States are unitary and rational actors
    • International relations are characterized by conflict and anarchy, leading to a balance of power and the pursuit of self-interest

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    This quiz is about international organizations, covering topics related to international relations and global governance.

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