International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
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Questions and Answers

Why did the ITU grant all countries the right to an orbital slot directly over their territory?

  • To restrict the use of satellites for military purposes
  • To promote the development of satellite technology
  • To allow countries to claim sovereignty over orbital slots
  • To ensure equal access to space resources (correct)
  • What is a necessary requirement for installing and operating an earth station or VSAT?

  • Permission from the local government
  • A partnership with a satellite operator
  • A licence from the national telecommunications authority (correct)
  • Approval from the ITU
  • What is the purpose of multiple burns during a GEO satellite launch?

  • To test the satellite's propulsion system
  • To deploy the satellite's solar panels
  • To reach the desired orbit (correct)
  • To communicate with the satellite during launch
  • What determines the customization of a satellite's payload?

    <p>The mission requirements and objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of launch services for a GEO telecom satellite?

    <p>$55-$100 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the ITU's orbital slot registration?

    <p>To ensure equal access to orbital slots for all countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some satellites cost as much as $500 million?

    <p>Because of the complexity and customization of the satellite's payload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using satellites in communication systems?

    <p>Cost advantage independent of distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of satellite uses GPS technology to provide a person's exact location on Earth?

    <p>Navigation satellites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission of signals to the satellite called?

    <p>Uplink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of satellite systems utilizing MEO (medium Earth orbit)?

    <p>High capacity and low latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are satellites complementary to cable?

    <p>Cables are subject to cuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission of information from the satellite called?

    <p>Downlink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of using satellites in communication systems?

    <p>Not affected by geographical obstructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Satellite Operators

    • International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) oversees public satellite safety and security communication services via Inmarsat satellites.
    • IMSO provides services for maritime safety within the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), including distress alerting, search and rescue co-ordinating communications, maritime safety information broadcasts, and general communications.

    Satellite Services

    • The commercial satellite industry provides various services, including:
      • Voice/Video/Data Communications
      • Position Location
      • Rural Telephony
      • News Gathering/Distribution
      • Internet Trunking
      • Corporate VSAT Networks
      • Tele-Medicine
      • Distance-Learning
      • Mobile Telephony
      • Videoconferencing
      • Business Television
      • Remote Sensing
      • Pipeline Monitoring
      • Security & Database Access
      • Emergency Services
      • Direct-To-Consumer services, including Broadband IP, DTH/DBS Television, Digital Audio Radio, Interactive Entertainment & Games, and Video & Data to handhelds
    • Market trends for capacity continue to grow despite fibre deployment.
    • There is a potential shortage of capacity in some areas due to heavy cutbacks in launches.
    • Bandwidth is increasing on a per-link basis.
    • User demands include:
      • Smaller terminals
      • High throughput
      • Enhanced capability
      • Constellations
      • Responsive space
      • Lower costs ($1000 or less)

    The Space Segment

    • A communications satellite has various components, including:
      • Propulsion System
      • Telemetry, Attitude Control, and Commanding
      • Power System/Thermal System
      • Solar Arrays
      • Receiver Section
      • Transponder
      • Transmitter Section
      • Rx Antennas
      • Tx Antenna
    • Satellite capacity typically ranges from 24 to 72 transponders, with each transponder capable of handling up to 155 Mbps.

    Satellite Design

    • Key aspects of satellite design include:
      • Electrical Power
      • Station Keeping
      • Attitude Control
      • Orbital Control
      • Thermal Control
    • Orbital Control involves keeping the satellite stationary with respect to Earth station antennas.

    Satellite Orbits

    • The ITU Member States have established a legal regime for orbital slot registration.
    • The ITU acknowledged that all countries have an equal right to orbital slots.
    • Article II of the Outer Space Treaty forbids sovereignty claims over orbital slots.
    • Countries have rights to an orbital slot directly over their territory.

    Building and Launching a Telecommunications Satellite

    • It takes approximately 3 years to build and launch a GEO telecom satellite.
    • Satellite payloads are customized for a given mission.
    • Satellites undergo extensive testing, including mechanical, thermal, noise, and RF tests.
    • The typical cost of a satellite is 150−150-150−250 million, with some costing up to $500 million.
    • Launch services and insurance add additional costs (55−55-55−100 million).
    • A 2 Mbps link using QPSK-3/4 modulation has a required bandwidth of 1.67 MHz and an efficiency of 1.20 bps/Hz.
    • The same link using 8PSK-3/4 modulation has a required bandwidth of 1.11 MHz and an efficiency of 1.80 bps/Hz.
    • The same link using 8PSK-7/8 modulation has a required bandwidth of 0.95 MHz and an efficiency of 2.10 bps/Hz.

    Modcod Selection

    • Modcod selection is constrained by signal to noise ratio (SNR) at reception.
    • Higher modulation order requires a higher SNR for demodulation.
    • SNR is affected by link conditions, available power, satellite performance, antenna size, and modem capabilities.
    • A satellite link budget analysis determines the suitable modcod, required bandwidth, and power.

    Efficiency

    • A good efficiency depends on the specific satellite link analysis.

    Satellite Communication Components

    • A satellite circuit consists of an antenna that transmits/receives and focuses the signal towards/from the satellite.
    • The satellite receives signals, filters them, converts frequencies, and amplifies them for transmission.

    Benefits of Satellites

    • Adaptable to customer requirements
    • Mobility
    • Cost advantage
    • Not affected by geographical obstructions
    • Quick implementation
    • Alternate routing or redundancy
    • Cost is independent of distance
    • Cost-effective for short-term requirements

    Types of Satellites

    • Communications satellites
    • Weather satellites
    • Earth observation satellites
    • Navigation satellites
    • Broadcast satellites
    • Scientific satellites
    • Military satellites

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    Description

    Learn about the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO), its role in satellite safety and security, and its services within the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS).

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