Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of a marketing or branding strategy aimed at talent?
What is the primary focus of a marketing or branding strategy aimed at talent?
- Highlighting the local cuisine of the region
- Addressing environmental concerns in the locality
- Promoting career opportunities and business development support (correct)
- Increasing tourism in the area
What is one key factor for facilitating cross-border labor mobility?
What is one key factor for facilitating cross-border labor mobility?
- Strict immigration policies
- Availability and accessibility of information on labor conditions (correct)
- Restriction on professional licenses
- High taxation on international workers
What characterizes the brain drain effect?
What characterizes the brain drain effect?
- The influx of skilled workers into a developing country
- The international transfer of human capital from developed to developing countries
- The employment of unskilled labor in high-skilled positions
- The migration of highly educated individuals from developing to developed countries (correct)
What potential benefit does a brain drain provide to source countries?
What potential benefit does a brain drain provide to source countries?
What is a possible negative effect of a brain drain on the source country?
What is a possible negative effect of a brain drain on the source country?
Which service is preferred by international migrants when relocating?
Which service is preferred by international migrants when relocating?
What describes the brain gain effect?
What describes the brain gain effect?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of brain drain to source countries?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of brain drain to source countries?
What characterizes the pre-transition stage of demographic transition theory?
What characterizes the pre-transition stage of demographic transition theory?
In which stage of demographic transition does the mortality rate begin to fall?
In which stage of demographic transition does the mortality rate begin to fall?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggest about environmental degradation and economic growth?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggest about environmental degradation and economic growth?
What is a feature of the late transition stage in demographic transition theory?
What is a feature of the late transition stage in demographic transition theory?
Which statement is true regarding the EKC phenomenon?
Which statement is true regarding the EKC phenomenon?
What is the primary definition of an international migrant according to UNDESA?
What is the primary definition of an international migrant according to UNDESA?
Which type of migration typically lasts less than twelve months?
Which type of migration typically lasts less than twelve months?
What distinguishes forced migration from voluntary migration?
What distinguishes forced migration from voluntary migration?
Which characteristic does NOT categorize international migration?
Which characteristic does NOT categorize international migration?
What defines long-distance migration?
What defines long-distance migration?
Which of the following best describes temporary migration?
Which of the following best describes temporary migration?
In which type of migration do individuals usually remain within their country?
In which type of migration do individuals usually remain within their country?
What is the distinction between individual and mass migration?
What is the distinction between individual and mass migration?
What percentage of Europeans identified immigration as the most important issue facing the EU at the peak of the humanitarian crisis in 2015?
What percentage of Europeans identified immigration as the most important issue facing the EU at the peak of the humanitarian crisis in 2015?
As of 2019, which issue surpassed immigration in importance among EU citizens?
As of 2019, which issue surpassed immigration in importance among EU citizens?
What was the approximate number of irregular sea arrivals to Europe in 2017?
What was the approximate number of irregular sea arrivals to Europe in 2017?
What misconception do people often have about immigrant populations in their countries?
What misconception do people often have about immigrant populations in their countries?
Which decade is noted for a slight increase in temporary migration to OECD countries?
Which decade is noted for a slight increase in temporary migration to OECD countries?
What event in the 1990s significantly impacted migration patterns in Europe?
What event in the 1990s significantly impacted migration patterns in Europe?
What percentage of EU citizens were concerned about the economic situation in 2011 compared to 2019?
What percentage of EU citizens were concerned about the economic situation in 2011 compared to 2019?
What was the total number of foreign citizens living across EU-27 around 2010?
What was the total number of foreign citizens living across EU-27 around 2010?
In which year did the median age of international migrants increase from 38 years to 39 years?
In which year did the median age of international migrants increase from 38 years to 39 years?
Which country was identified as the largest country of origin for international migrants in 2017?
Which country was identified as the largest country of origin for international migrants in 2017?
What percentage of international migrants were female in 2017?
What percentage of international migrants were female in 2017?
In 2017, which region had the highest concentration of international migrants?
In 2017, which region had the highest concentration of international migrants?
Which of the following statements about international migrants in 2017 is true?
Which of the following statements about international migrants in 2017 is true?
Which of the following regions had female migrants outnumber male migrants in 2017?
Which of the following regions had female migrants outnumber male migrants in 2017?
How many international migrants were estimated to live in Europe in 2017?
How many international migrants were estimated to live in Europe in 2017?
What change occurred in the share of female migrants from 2000 to 2017?
What change occurred in the share of female migrants from 2000 to 2017?
What is the primary benefit that international students seek when studying abroad?
What is the primary benefit that international students seek when studying abroad?
Which factor is least likely to motivate students to study abroad?
Which factor is least likely to motivate students to study abroad?
In 2013, which country had the highest number of students studying abroad?
In 2013, which country had the highest number of students studying abroad?
What percentage of international students were enrolled in Business and Administration programs in 2007?
What percentage of international students were enrolled in Business and Administration programs in 2007?
Which of the following academic programs had the second highest enrollment percentage among international students?
Which of the following academic programs had the second highest enrollment percentage among international students?
What was the increase in the percentage of female international students from 1999 to 2007?
What was the increase in the percentage of female international students from 1999 to 2007?
Which country had approximately 73,548 students studying abroad?
Which country had approximately 73,548 students studying abroad?
What is NOT a reason students from developing countries migrate for education?
What is NOT a reason students from developing countries migrate for education?
As of 2007, what was one main argument in favor of migration for international students?
As of 2007, what was one main argument in favor of migration for international students?
What was the approximate number of Nigerian students studying abroad in 2013?
What was the approximate number of Nigerian students studying abroad in 2013?
Flashcards
Short-term Migrants
Short-term Migrants
An individual who moves to a country other than their country of birth for at least three months, but less than a year, except for recreation, holiday, or visiting friends.
Long-term Migrants
Long-term Migrants
An individual who moves to a country other than their usual residence for at least a year, making the destination country their new usual residence.
International Migration
International Migration
The act of people changing their place of residence to a location outside of their original country.
International Migrant (UNDESA definition)
International Migrant (UNDESA definition)
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Internal Migration
Internal Migration
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Voluntary Migration
Voluntary Migration
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Forced Migration
Forced Migration
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Impelled Migration
Impelled Migration
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Countries of Origin
Countries of Origin
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Countries of Destination
Countries of Destination
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International Migrant Stock
International Migrant Stock
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International Migrant Flows
International Migrant Flows
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Median Age of Migrants
Median Age of Migrants
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Share of Female Migrants
Share of Female Migrants
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Regions with More Female Migrants
Regions with More Female Migrants
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Immigration Surge
Immigration Surge
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Overestimation of Immigrant Populations
Overestimation of Immigrant Populations
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Integration of Migrants
Integration of Migrants
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Brain Drain
Brain Drain
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Brain Gain
Brain Gain
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Pros of Brain Drain
Pros of Brain Drain
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Cons of Brain Drain
Cons of Brain Drain
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Talent Attraction Strategies
Talent Attraction Strategies
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Information Transparency
Information Transparency
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Welcoming Services
Welcoming Services
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One-Stop Shop
One-Stop Shop
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International Student Migration
International Student Migration
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Motivations for International Student Migration
Motivations for International Student Migration
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International Student Mobility
International Student Mobility
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Increase in Female International Students
Increase in Female International Students
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Country of Origin for International Students
Country of Origin for International Students
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Country of Destination for International Students
Country of Destination for International Students
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Top International Student Fields
Top International Student Fields
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Benefits of International Student Migration
Benefits of International Student Migration
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Negative Impacts of Brain Drain
Negative Impacts of Brain Drain
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Demographic Transition Theory
Demographic Transition Theory
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Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
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Pre-transition Stage
Pre-transition Stage
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Early Transition Stage
Early Transition Stage
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Late Transition Stage
Late Transition Stage
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Study Notes
International Flows of the Labour Force
- Lecture structure includes concepts, causes, and characteristics of international migration, short history, remittances, and contemporary emigrant profiles.
- A migrant is defined as someone who changes their usual residence and crosses an international border (UNDESA 1998). A person living in a country other than their country of birth is also considered a migrant (UN 2017).
- Internal migrants change their residence within their country of origin.
- Short-term migrants stay in a new country for at least three months but less than a year, often for recreation, holidays, or visits.
- Long-term migrants stay in a new country for at least a year, their new country of usual residence.
- Migration can be classified by length of time (short-term/long-term/temporary/permanent), distance (short-distance/long-distance), spatial approach (local/regional/national/international), rural-urban nature of the area (rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban), decision-making approach (voluntary/forced/impelled), and number of people involved (individual/mass).
- Occupational transition is another category of migration, where workers transition from one occupation to another.
International Migration - Concept, Causes, and Characteristics
- In 2017, over 60% of international migrants resided in Asia or Europe.
- India was the largest country of origin (17 million) followed by Mexico(13 million).
- The median age of international migrants worldwide was 39 years, slightly higher than the 2000 median of 38 years.
- In 2017, the percentage of female international migrants was slightly less than 49% (48%). This trend shows women outnumbering men in specific regions (Europe, Northern America, Oceania, and Latin America and the Caribbean).
- Data on international migrants between 1990 and 2017 is available at [un website source].
International Migration - Concept, Causes, and Characteristics (EU Perspective)
- Immigration was the second most significant issue in Europe next to terrorism during 2011–2019, peaking in 2015.
- Climate change and the economic situation were major concerns in 2019; concerns about terrorism and public finances remained relevant.
- Although Europe is experiencing fewer irregular sea arrivals, the perception of badly managed migration and integration issues remains a concern.
- Concerns about the number of migrants are sometimes exaggerated compared to the actual figures.
International Migration - Short History
- Temporary migration of labor intensified in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
- The 1980s saw a slight increase in the influx of workers to OECD countries, facilitated by EU agreements on free movement.
- The 1990s were marked by the end of the communist era, resulting in significant migration flows from former communist countries and into Western countries.
- The 2007 financial crisis led to a slight decrease in remittances.
Remittances
- Remittances are money sent by foreign workers or others to their home countries.
- Globally, remittances grew to $633 billion in 2017, a 7.4% increase from 2016.
- Remittances were projected to increase by 10.3% in 2018.
- The financial crisis of 2008 had a low impact on remittance flows.
- Countries like India, China, Mexico, and France received significant remittance flows.
The Profile of the Contemporary Emigrant
- Quality of life, affordability of housing, educational opportunities, healthcare, social conditions, and image of the region are key factors that attract migrants.
- Availability of career opportunities, support for business development, access to information, and 'welcoming services' facilitate the relocation of migrants.
- A one-stop shop is a favoured option by migrants.
The Brain Drain and Gain
- Brain drain refers to highly educated individuals migrating from developing to developed countries.
- The brain gain effect describes how a region gains skills from individuals who migrate.
- Positive effects include stimulating education, remittances, reducing transaction costs, and benefits in source countries.
- Negative effects can include fiscal losses, reduction in skilled labor force, and occupational distortions.
The Profile of the Contemporary Emigrant (International Students)
- Arguments supporting the migration of international students: desire for wider cultural and intellectual horizons, lack of training in the home country, academic program diversity, high prestige of foreign universities, and favorable school tax advantages.
Number of Students Studying Abroad in 2013
- A ranking of countries with the largest number of students studying abroad in 2013 was provided.
Demographic Transition Theory
- Demographic transition theory describes the changing patterns of mortality, fertility, and population growth.
- Pre-transition: High birth rates and high death rates.
- Early transition: Declining death rates, high birth rates, and rapid population growth.
- Late transition: Birth rates slowly decline, and population growth slows.
- Post-transition: Low birth rates and low death rates, and a stable or potentially declining population.
- Speculative: Impact on the environment.
The Environmental Kuznets Curve
- The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and per capita income.
- Initial stages of economic growth lead to increased environmental degradation.
- At a certain level of income per capita, the trend reverses so that economic growth can lead to improvements.
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Description
Explore the fundamental aspects of international labor force migration, including definitions, types, and historical context. This quiz covers short-term and long-term migration, remittances, and profiles of contemporary emigrants. Test your understanding of how migration affects societies and economies globally.
