Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of International Health Regulations (IHR) as set by the WHO?
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of International Health Regulations (IHR) as set by the WHO?
- Promoting health education and awareness programs in developed countries.
- Establishing guidelines for pharmaceutical companies to ensure drug safety and efficacy on a global scale.
- Preventing and responding to the international dissemination of diseases across borders. (correct)
- Providing healthcare services to underserved populations in developing countries.
What is the main objective of Port Health Services in the context of international health?
What is the main objective of Port Health Services in the context of international health?
- To regulate tariffs and customs duties on imported goods.
- To promote tourism and facilitate international travel.
- To control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases through international travel and trade. (correct)
- To provide medical care to travelers arriving at international ports.
In enhancing global health security, which strategy is most crucial for mitigating health threats?
In enhancing global health security, which strategy is most crucial for mitigating health threats?
- Increasing funding for basic scientific research.
- Stockpiling large quantities of vaccines and medications.
- Imposing travel bans on individuals from countries with disease outbreaks.
- Implementing rapid detection, coordinated response, and effective communication among countries. (correct)
What is the primary role of quarantine and isolation in controlling the spread of infectious diseases at international entry points?
What is the primary role of quarantine and isolation in controlling the spread of infectious diseases at international entry points?
Which of the following is a key function of international health organizations like the WHO concerning global disease outbreaks?
Which of the following is a key function of international health organizations like the WHO concerning global disease outbreaks?
How did colonial and post-colonial contexts influence the development of international health practices in Africa, Asia, and Latin America?
How did colonial and post-colonial contexts influence the development of international health practices in Africa, Asia, and Latin America?
What role do non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play in international health?
What role do non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play in international health?
Why is understanding the history of international health efforts important for current global health practitioners?
Why is understanding the history of international health efforts important for current global health practitioners?
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of international health professionals in practice?
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of international health professionals in practice?
Which of the following is an example of an underlying factor contributing to health problems in international health?
Which of the following is an example of an underlying factor contributing to health problems in international health?
According to the International Health Regulations (IHR), what is the primary aim regarding international traffic and trade?
According to the International Health Regulations (IHR), what is the primary aim regarding international traffic and trade?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger a coordinated international response under the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger a coordinated international response under the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
What is the role of Port Health Services (PHS) in global health security?
What is the role of Port Health Services (PHS) in global health security?
Which activity is most likely to be undertaken by Port Health Services (PHS) to control the spread of infectious diseases?
Which activity is most likely to be undertaken by Port Health Services (PHS) to control the spread of infectious diseases?
A country is experiencing a surge in cases of a rare, highly contagious disease. In accordance with the International Health Regulations (IHR), what is the country's immediate responsibility?
A country is experiencing a surge in cases of a rare, highly contagious disease. In accordance with the International Health Regulations (IHR), what is the country's immediate responsibility?
What is the significance of national capacity building in the context of the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
What is the significance of national capacity building in the context of the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
Which of the following scenarios highlights the importance of coordination between Port Health Services and other agencies?
Which of the following scenarios highlights the importance of coordination between Port Health Services and other agencies?
What public health measure falls under the purview of Port Health Services?
What public health measure falls under the purview of Port Health Services?
A region is experiencing a humanitarian crisis due to war. What immediate health concerns are most likely to arise, requiring intervention from international health organizations?
A region is experiencing a humanitarian crisis due to war. What immediate health concerns are most likely to arise, requiring intervention from international health organizations?
What is the primary scope of the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
What is the primary scope of the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
Port Health Services discover a shipment of goods infested with disease-carrying vectors. What action would they most likely take?
Port Health Services discover a shipment of goods infested with disease-carrying vectors. What action would they most likely take?
Which of the following reflects the primary goal of Port Health Services in the context of international travel and trade?
Which of the following reflects the primary goal of Port Health Services in the context of international travel and trade?
Which revision was implemented to enhance global health security and better address emerging threats under the IHR?
Which revision was implemented to enhance global health security and better address emerging threats under the IHR?
What measure do states take in order to assess the risk of the international spread of disease?
What measure do states take in order to assess the risk of the international spread of disease?
What was a major contributing factor to the failure of early quarantine measures to prevent the spread of disease?
What was a major contributing factor to the failure of early quarantine measures to prevent the spread of disease?
How did John Snow contribute to controlling the 1854 cholera outbreak in London?
How did John Snow contribute to controlling the 1854 cholera outbreak in London?
What is the role of international health regulations, such as the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
What is the role of international health regulations, such as the International Health Regulations (IHR)?
Why was the First International Sanitary Conference (1851) considered a failure?
Why was the First International Sanitary Conference (1851) considered a failure?
How did the emergence of H1N1 Swine Flu exemplify the interconnectedness of global health?
How did the emergence of H1N1 Swine Flu exemplify the interconnectedness of global health?
What is the primary role of Public Health Education, as conducted by Port Health Services?
What is the primary role of Public Health Education, as conducted by Port Health Services?
What was the main reason for opposition to early quarantine measures?
What was the main reason for opposition to early quarantine measures?
How does the structure of PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) relate to the WHO (World Health Organization)?
How does the structure of PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) relate to the WHO (World Health Organization)?
In what way do modern sewage and water treatment facilities contribute to global health security?
In what way do modern sewage and water treatment facilities contribute to global health security?
What principle underlies the practice of quarantine, introduced in Europe in the 14th century?
What principle underlies the practice of quarantine, introduced in Europe in the 14th century?
Which action exemplifies the emergency response role of Port Health Services?
Which action exemplifies the emergency response role of Port Health Services?
Why is interdisciplinary collaboration considered essential for an effective response to health threats?
Why is interdisciplinary collaboration considered essential for an effective response to health threats?
What action is most effective at preventing cholera, according to the information provided?
What action is most effective at preventing cholera, according to the information provided?
What was the primary objective of the 1851 First International Sanitary Conference?
What was the primary objective of the 1851 First International Sanitary Conference?
Which historical event marked one of the earliest efforts to control the international spread of disease?
Which historical event marked one of the earliest efforts to control the international spread of disease?
What distinguishes global health from international health?
What distinguishes global health from international health?
Why is international collaboration crucial in addressing global health challenges?
Why is international collaboration crucial in addressing global health challenges?
What is the primary focus of travel medicine, a subset of international medicine?
What is the primary focus of travel medicine, a subset of international medicine?
Which of the following represents a critical aspect of environmental health in port areas?
Which of the following represents a critical aspect of environmental health in port areas?
How do resistance to medicines and global health intersect?
How do resistance to medicines and global health intersect?
What was the primary goal of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) when it was established in 1943?
What was the primary goal of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) when it was established in 1943?
Which factor is considered within the systematic consideration of international health that affects human populations?
Which factor is considered within the systematic consideration of international health that affects human populations?
What role did the UNRRA play in global health immediately following World War II?
What role did the UNRRA play in global health immediately following World War II?
How did the UNRRA's health-related responsibilities transition after its dissolution in 1946?
How did the UNRRA's health-related responsibilities transition after its dissolution in 1946?
What role do comparative studies play in the methodology of international health?
What role do comparative studies play in the methodology of international health?
What was the key proposal made during the San Francisco conference in 1945 that eventually led to the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
What was the key proposal made during the San Francisco conference in 1945 that eventually led to the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
In what way does climate change relate to international health?
In what way does climate change relate to international health?
When is World Health Day observed each year, and what does it commemorate?
When is World Health Day observed each year, and what does it commemorate?
How does the economic aspect of international health influence healthcare systems?
How does the economic aspect of international health influence healthcare systems?
What significance do vector-borne diseases hold in the context of international and port health?
What significance do vector-borne diseases hold in the context of international and port health?
According to the WHO's constitution, what constitutes 'health'?
According to the WHO's constitution, what constitutes 'health'?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the WHO and the United Nations?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the WHO and the United Nations?
What is the 'one-health approach' in the context of international health?
What is the 'one-health approach' in the context of international health?
Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of Global Health?
Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of Global Health?
How does the WHO address global health priorities and policies?
How does the WHO address global health priorities and policies?
How does globalization influence the spread of infectious diseases?
How does globalization influence the spread of infectious diseases?
What is the significance of the WHO's role in establishing international standards in the field of health?
What is the significance of the WHO's role in establishing international standards in the field of health?
Why is understanding the root cause of ill-health important in international health?
Why is understanding the root cause of ill-health important in international health?
Which of the following is an example of the WHO's work in the prevention and control of specific diseases?
Which of the following is an example of the WHO's work in the prevention and control of specific diseases?
In addition to communicable diseases, what other health problems does the WHO address in its programs?
In addition to communicable diseases, what other health problems does the WHO address in its programs?
How does the WHO disseminate information about epidemiological surveillance of diseases?
How does the WHO disseminate information about epidemiological surveillance of diseases?
What is the ultimate objective of the WHO, as outlined by "Health for All by the Year 2000"?
What is the ultimate objective of the WHO, as outlined by "Health for All by the Year 2000"?
Why is the active participation and informed opinion of the public considered crucial for improving people's health, according to the WHO?
Why is the active participation and informed opinion of the public considered crucial for improving people's health, according to the WHO?
Which of the following best summarizes a government's responsibility for the health of its people, according to the principles of the WHO?
Which of the following best summarizes a government's responsibility for the health of its people, according to the principles of the WHO?
Which activity is NOT directly supported by WHO through funding and coordination, but rather indirectly through information dissemination and collaboration?
Which activity is NOT directly supported by WHO through funding and coordination, but rather indirectly through information dissemination and collaboration?
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the World Health Assembly?
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the World Health Assembly?
What is the primary role of the WHO Secretariat in supporting member states?
What is the primary role of the WHO Secretariat in supporting member states?
Which area of health is NOT specifically listed as a component of the WHO's Family Health program?
Which area of health is NOT specifically listed as a component of the WHO's Family Health program?
A country is experiencing a widespread outbreak of a novel infectious disease. According to the text, which WHO body has the authority to take immediate action?
A country is experiencing a widespread outbreak of a novel infectious disease. According to the text, which WHO body has the authority to take immediate action?
If a researcher needs access to a comprehensive, computerised index of medical literature on an international scale, which resource would be most appropriate, based on WHO's affiliations?
If a researcher needs access to a comprehensive, computerised index of medical literature on an international scale, which resource would be most appropriate, based on WHO's affiliations?
What is the most accurate description of the relationship between the WHO and the United Nations?
What is the most accurate description of the relationship between the WHO and the United Nations?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies WHO's role in 'stimulating, supporting, funding and coordinating' biomedical research?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies WHO's role in 'stimulating, supporting, funding and coordinating' biomedical research?
What is the main purpose of the 'technical discussions' that are organized during each World Health Assembly?
What is the main purpose of the 'technical discussions' that are organized during each World Health Assembly?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which WHO disseminates health-related statistics?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which WHO disseminates health-related statistics?
How does the composition of the Executive Board ensure a broad and consistent geographical representation?
How does the composition of the Executive Board ensure a broad and consistent geographical representation?
What is the MOST accurate reflection of how WHO promotes environmental health?
What is the MOST accurate reflection of how WHO promotes environmental health?
What is the Expanded Program on Immunization's objective, as described in the text?
What is the Expanded Program on Immunization's objective, as described in the text?
Which of the following best describes how WHO contributes to improving drug quality and safety worldwide?
Which of the following best describes how WHO contributes to improving drug quality and safety worldwide?
What is the WHO's primary objective concerning Family Health?
What is the WHO's primary objective concerning Family Health?
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of UNICEF's early collaborations with WHO?
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of UNICEF's early collaborations with WHO?
A community is experiencing a high incidence of dehydration among children due to diarrheal diseases. Which UNICEF initiative would be most effective in directly addressing this issue?
A community is experiencing a high incidence of dehydration among children due to diarrheal diseases. Which UNICEF initiative would be most effective in directly addressing this issue?
A nation wants to improve its educational resources, particularly in science. What specific assistance could UNICEF provide, potentially in conjunction with UNESCO?
A nation wants to improve its educational resources, particularly in science. What specific assistance could UNICEF provide, potentially in conjunction with UNESCO?
If a local community has a high prevalence of goiter, which of the following interventions could UNICEF support to address this health issue?
If a local community has a high prevalence of goiter, which of the following interventions could UNICEF support to address this health issue?
Which of the following is the most accurate descriptor of UNICEF's overall approach to aid?
Which of the following is the most accurate descriptor of UNICEF's overall approach to aid?
Which of the following is NOT a division within the WHO Secretariat as of December 31, 1985?
Which of the following is NOT a division within the WHO Secretariat as of December 31, 1985?
What is the primary role of the Assistant Director Generals at WHO headquarters in Geneva?
What is the primary role of the Assistant Director Generals at WHO headquarters in Geneva?
How is UNICEF primarily funded?
How is UNICEF primarily funded?
Which of the following best describes the GOBI campaign?
Which of the following best describes the GOBI campaign?
What is the role of UNICEF regarding disease-specific eradication programs?
What is the role of UNICEF regarding disease-specific eradication programs?
Which of the following is a service provided by UNICEF, geared towards family and child welfare?
Which of the following is a service provided by UNICEF, geared towards family and child welfare?
Which of the following regions has its WHO headquarters in Harare, Zimbabwe?
Which of the following regions has its WHO headquarters in Harare, Zimbabwe?
A country is facing challenges in building capacity for its health workforce. Which division of WHO might it collaborate with to address this issue?
A country is facing challenges in building capacity for its health workforce. Which division of WHO might it collaborate with to address this issue?
What was UNICEF's original purpose when it was established in 1946?
What was UNICEF's original purpose when it was established in 1946?
What is the role of Growth charts regarding UNICEF efforts?
What is the role of Growth charts regarding UNICEF efforts?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies UNDP's focus on democratic governance?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies UNDP's focus on democratic governance?
How does UNDP contribute to poverty reduction at the macro level?
How does UNDP contribute to poverty reduction at the macro level?
Which activity best illustrates UNDP's work in crisis prevention and recovery?
Which activity best illustrates UNDP's work in crisis prevention and recovery?
How does UNDP address environmental issues to improve developing countries’ abilities to develop sustainably?
How does UNDP address environmental issues to improve developing countries’ abilities to develop sustainably?
What distinguishes UNDP from other international health organizations?
What distinguishes UNDP from other international health organizations?
How does UNDP's structure within the UN system affect its operations?
How does UNDP's structure within the UN system affect its operations?
In what way does UNDP ensure its activities align with national priorities?
In what way does UNDP ensure its activities align with national priorities?
What is a critical distinction between UNDP and bilateral aid agencies like USAID or UKAID?
What is a critical distinction between UNDP and bilateral aid agencies like USAID or UKAID?
Which of the following strategies represents UNDP's approach to promoting gender equality?
Which of the following strategies represents UNDP's approach to promoting gender equality?
How did the merger of EPTA and the Special Fund influence the creation of UNDP?
How did the merger of EPTA and the Special Fund influence the creation of UNDP?
What role does the Human Development Report (HDR) play in UNDP's mission?
What role does the Human Development Report (HDR) play in UNDP's mission?
How does UNDP ensure the sustainability of its development projects?
How does UNDP ensure the sustainability of its development projects?
Considering UNDP's focus on poverty reduction, which approach aligns with its on-the-ground strategy?
Considering UNDP's focus on poverty reduction, which approach aligns with its on-the-ground strategy?
How does UNDP's work in 'Environment and Energy' relate to its goal of poverty reduction?
How does UNDP's work in 'Environment and Energy' relate to its goal of poverty reduction?
What is the significance of UNDP working in 177 countries?
What is the significance of UNDP working in 177 countries?
How does UNDP contribute to sustainable land management?
How does UNDP contribute to sustainable land management?
What is the significance of the UNDP Administrator also serving as the Chair of the UN Development Group?
What is the significance of the UNDP Administrator also serving as the Chair of the UN Development Group?
Which of the following interventions directly addresses Millennium Development Goal 4 (reducing child mortality) and Goal 6 (combating diseases like malaria)?
Which of the following interventions directly addresses Millennium Development Goal 4 (reducing child mortality) and Goal 6 (combating diseases like malaria)?
Which of the following is a core focus area of UNFPA's work?
Which of the following is a core focus area of UNFPA's work?
A community is experiencing a measles outbreak. Which UNICEF intervention would be MOST effective in immediately addressing this crisis?
A community is experiencing a measles outbreak. Which UNICEF intervention would be MOST effective in immediately addressing this crisis?
Which UNICEF initiative demonstrates a commitment to both Millennium Development Goal 2 (achieving universal primary education) and Goal 3 (promoting gender equality)?
Which UNICEF initiative demonstrates a commitment to both Millennium Development Goal 2 (achieving universal primary education) and Goal 3 (promoting gender equality)?
What was the original name of UNFPA when it began operations in 1969?
What was the original name of UNFPA when it began operations in 1969?
How does UNICEF contribute to the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission, aligning with Millennium Development Goal 6?
How does UNICEF contribute to the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission, aligning with Millennium Development Goal 6?
How do the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relate to UNFPA's mission?
How do the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relate to UNFPA's mission?
What is UNICEF's primary role in the context of 'sector-wide approaches (SWAPs)' and 'Poverty Reduction Strategy Plans (PRSPs)'?
What is UNICEF's primary role in the context of 'sector-wide approaches (SWAPs)' and 'Poverty Reduction Strategy Plans (PRSPs)'?
What is the primary aim of the UNFPA-led global campaign to end fistula?
What is the primary aim of the UNFPA-led global campaign to end fistula?
A region is experiencing chronic drought, leading to widespread malnutrition among children. Which combination of interventions aligns best with UNICEF's priorities in this emergency?
A region is experiencing chronic drought, leading to widespread malnutrition among children. Which combination of interventions aligns best with UNICEF's priorities in this emergency?
Which of the following strategies does UNFPA use to achieve its goals?
Which of the following strategies does UNFPA use to achieve its goals?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects UNICEF's approach to child protection?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects UNICEF's approach to child protection?
What is the role of the five countries on the UNDP board in the selection of the Administrator?
What is the role of the five countries on the UNDP board in the selection of the Administrator?
In what way does UNICEF's work extend beyond immediate emergency response to promote long-term, sustainable development?
In what way does UNICEF's work extend beyond immediate emergency response to promote long-term, sustainable development?
Why is it important for UNFPA to work with countries internationally?
Why is it important for UNFPA to work with countries internationally?
How does UNICEF leverage partnerships to achieve its goals for children?
How does UNICEF leverage partnerships to achieve its goals for children?
How does UNDP address the issue of HIV/AIDS?
How does UNDP address the issue of HIV/AIDS?
What is the significance of UNICEF's involvement in promoting 'birth spacing' and 'educated family planning schemes'?
What is the significance of UNICEF's involvement in promoting 'birth spacing' and 'educated family planning schemes'?
Which of the following best describes UNFPA's approach to addressing female genital mutilation?
Which of the following best describes UNFPA's approach to addressing female genital mutilation?
What is meant by UNFPA promoting the right to 'reproductive health'?
What is meant by UNFPA promoting the right to 'reproductive health'?
Many children are missing school due to a recent natural disaster. Which initiative would UNICEF likely prioritize?
Many children are missing school due to a recent natural disaster. Which initiative would UNICEF likely prioritize?
How does UNICEF address the challenges faced by children orphaned by HIV/AIDS?
How does UNICEF address the challenges faced by children orphaned by HIV/AIDS?
What is the significance of UNFPA’s work in more than 150 countries, territories and areas?
What is the significance of UNFPA’s work in more than 150 countries, territories and areas?
How does UNDP’s environmental strategy address water governance?
How does UNDP’s environmental strategy address water governance?
What is the role of UNICEF in supporting breastfeeding, even in situations where mothers are HIV-positive?
What is the role of UNICEF in supporting breastfeeding, even in situations where mothers are HIV-positive?
How has campaign to end fistula contributed to achievement of the goals of UNFPA?
How has campaign to end fistula contributed to achievement of the goals of UNFPA?
Which of the following best describes UNICEF's approach to promoting child survival and development?
Which of the following best describes UNICEF's approach to promoting child survival and development?
In emergency situations, what is a key distinction that sets UNICEF apart from other aid organizations?
In emergency situations, what is a key distinction that sets UNICEF apart from other aid organizations?
Which of the following best describes the World Bank's approach to addressing poverty in developing countries?
Which of the following best describes the World Bank's approach to addressing poverty in developing countries?
What is the primary responsibility of the World Bank President?
What is the primary responsibility of the World Bank President?
How does the Board of Directors of the World Bank influence its operations?
How does the Board of Directors of the World Bank influence its operations?
What was the main outcome of the 2010 changes to the World Bank's voting powers?
What was the main outcome of the 2010 changes to the World Bank's voting powers?
What distinguishes Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) from governmental bodies or for-profit businesses?
What distinguishes Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) from governmental bodies or for-profit businesses?
In what capacity do NGOs often function within countries like Nigeria, where governmental resources may be limited?
In what capacity do NGOs often function within countries like Nigeria, where governmental resources may be limited?
Which factor contributes most to the high level of public trust often afforded to NGOs?
Which factor contributes most to the high level of public trust often afforded to NGOs?
How are NGOs primarily classified based on their activities?
How are NGOs primarily classified based on their activities?
Which type of NGO orientation focuses on enabling beneficiaries to understand and influence the social, political, and economic factors affecting their lives?
Which type of NGO orientation focuses on enabling beneficiaries to understand and influence the social, political, and economic factors affecting their lives?
What is the defining characteristic of 'participation' oriented NGOs?
What is the defining characteristic of 'participation' oriented NGOs?
City-wide organizations, state NGOs and international NGOs, are classified based on what aspect?
City-wide organizations, state NGOs and international NGOs, are classified based on what aspect?
How do community-based organizations (CBOs) operate, and what is their primary aim?
How do community-based organizations (CBOs) operate, and what is their primary aim?
Which of the following is an example of an international NGO?
Which of the following is an example of an international NGO?
According to the World Bank, what are the two primary classifications of NGO activity?
According to the World Bank, what are the two primary classifications of NGO activity?
In what ways can NGOs act to address societal challenges?
In what ways can NGOs act to address societal challenges?
An operational NGO focusing on environmental conservation aims to restore a degraded forest ecosystem. Which activity would be most directly aligned with their operational approach?
An operational NGO focusing on environmental conservation aims to restore a degraded forest ecosystem. Which activity would be most directly aligned with their operational approach?
A campaigning NGO is dedicated to promoting women's rights on a national level. What would be the most typical activity they would undertake?
A campaigning NGO is dedicated to promoting women's rights on a national level. What would be the most typical activity they would undertake?
An NGO is deciding whether to hire international staff or local employees for a project in a developing country. What is a primary disadvantage of hiring exclusively international staff?
An NGO is deciding whether to hire international staff or local employees for a project in a developing country. What is a primary disadvantage of hiring exclusively international staff?
An NGO seeks funding for a new healthcare initiative. Which funding source typically requires the most stringent reporting and accountability measures?
An NGO seeks funding for a new healthcare initiative. Which funding source typically requires the most stringent reporting and accountability measures?
An NGO has a high overhead cost relative to its total expenditures. What potential consequence could this have on its fundraising efforts?
An NGO has a high overhead cost relative to its total expenditures. What potential consequence could this have on its fundraising efforts?
What could be a negative consequence of solely focusing on minimizing an NGO's overhead costs?
What could be a negative consequence of solely focusing on minimizing an NGO's overhead costs?
An international NGO wants to set up projects in Nigeria, which of the following is a good first step?
An international NGO wants to set up projects in Nigeria, which of the following is a good first step?
How do campaigning NGOs primarily seek to achieve large-scale change?
How do campaigning NGOs primarily seek to achieve large-scale change?
What is a potential drawback of relying heavily on government funding for an NGO's operations?
What is a potential drawback of relying heavily on government funding for an NGO's operations?
What is a key difference in the typical staffing structure between operational and campaigning NGOs?
What is a key difference in the typical staffing structure between operational and campaigning NGOs?
A rating agency evaluates NGOs based on financial data and also considers transparency and governance. What additional element is crucial for a comprehensive evaluation?
A rating agency evaluates NGOs based on financial data and also considers transparency and governance. What additional element is crucial for a comprehensive evaluation?
An NGO's mission is to alleviate poverty through sustainable agriculture. Which activity best exemplifies a focus on sustainable methods?
An NGO's mission is to alleviate poverty through sustainable agriculture. Which activity best exemplifies a focus on sustainable methods?
An NGO is struggling with public criticism due to its high overhead costs. What strategy could it employ to address these concerns effectively?
An NGO is struggling with public criticism due to its high overhead costs. What strategy could it employ to address these concerns effectively?
What action would an NGO take if they felt that their rating was unfairly represented by a rating agency?
What action would an NGO take if they felt that their rating was unfairly represented by a rating agency?
What is true of employees working at NGOs versus employees working at for-profit organizations and government jobs with the same qualifications?
What is true of employees working at NGOs versus employees working at for-profit organizations and government jobs with the same qualifications?
What was the primary reason for the World Bank's initial cautious approach to lending in its early years (1945-1968)?
What was the primary reason for the World Bank's initial cautious approach to lending in its early years (1945-1968)?
Which factor most influenced the World Bank to shift its lending focus towards social services and poverty reduction in the late 1960s?
Which factor most influenced the World Bank to shift its lending focus towards social services and poverty reduction in the late 1960s?
Which initiative represents the World Bank's current strategy for aiding developing countries?
Which initiative represents the World Bank's current strategy for aiding developing countries?
What is the key distinction between the World Bank and the International Development Association (IDA) in their lending practices?
What is the key distinction between the World Bank and the International Development Association (IDA) in their lending practices?
Which of the following is least aligned with the World Bank's stated key factors for economic growth?
Which of the following is least aligned with the World Bank's stated key factors for economic growth?
How did the UNFPA respond to the discovery of coercive sterilization practices within Peru's reproductive health program?
How did the UNFPA respond to the discovery of coercive sterilization practices within Peru's reproductive health program?
What is a potential risk associated with UNFPA's involvement in reproductive health programs in developing countries, according to some groups?
What is a potential risk associated with UNFPA's involvement in reproductive health programs in developing countries, according to some groups?
Which of the following best aligns with UNFPA's stated position on abortion?
Which of the following best aligns with UNFPA's stated position on abortion?
What is the main goal of the UNFPA-UNICEF joint program concerning female genital mutilation (FGM)?
What is the main goal of the UNFPA-UNICEF joint program concerning female genital mutilation (FGM)?
Which historical event significantly influenced the World Bank's decision to shift its lending focus from European reconstruction to developing nations?
Which historical event significantly influenced the World Bank's decision to shift its lending focus from European reconstruction to developing nations?
What key element did the United States State Department insist on regarding the French government before the World Bank granted them a loan?
What key element did the United States State Department insist on regarding the French government before the World Bank granted them a loan?
Which statement accurately reflects a criticism or concern raised regarding the World Bank's activities from 1989 onwards?
Which statement accurately reflects a criticism or concern raised regarding the World Bank's activities from 1989 onwards?
How does the World Bank prioritize its lending and aid strategies for the world's poorest developing countries?
How does the World Bank prioritize its lending and aid strategies for the world's poorest developing countries?
What is the primary aim of UNFPA's Global Technical Consultation?
What is the primary aim of UNFPA's Global Technical Consultation?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the World Bank and NGOs since 1989?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the World Bank and NGOs since 1989?
Flashcards
International Health (History)
International Health (History)
Efforts by Western nations to improve health in developing countries, evolving from tropical medicine to modern global health initiatives.
International Health Organizations
International Health Organizations
Organizations, both government and private, that play a significant role in international health initiatives and funding.
International Health Regulations (IHR)
International Health Regulations (IHR)
A WHO framework designed to prevent and respond to the international spread of diseases.
Port Health Services
Port Health Services
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Global Health Security
Global Health Security
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Quarantine and Isolation
Quarantine and Isolation
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Basic Health Services
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Study Notes
- The course examines Western efforts to promote health in the "developing world," from tropical medicine's beginnings and colonial health services to more recent efforts like disease eradication, alternative health delivery systems (basic health services, primary health care, and selective primary health care), population programs, child survival, and global immunization programs.
- Course also includes multilateral and bilateral organizations such as WHO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, USAIDS, DFID, and the World Bank; Public and Private NGOs, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation.
- These initiatives are examined within the context of colonial and post-colonial development in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- The course explores economic and political interests, as well as cultural assumptions, that have shaped the development of ideas and practices associated with international health in "developing" countries.
Topics in International and Port Health
- International Health Regulations (IHR): Framework and regulations set by the WHO to prevent and respond to the international spread of diseases.
- Port Health Services: Health services at ports, including surveillance, inspection, and control measures to prevent infectious diseases through international travel and trade.
- Global Health Security: Strategies and measures to enhance global health security, including early detection, response, and coordination among nations to mitigate health threats.
- Quarantine and Isolation: Principles and practices of quarantine and isolation as tools in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, particularly at international entry points.
- Vector Borne Diseases: Addresses health risk associated with vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) and strategies to prevent the spread of diseases such as Malaria, Dengue, and Zika Virus.
- Environmental Health in Ports: Understanding the environmental factors that can affect or impact public health in port areas and implementing measures to ensure a healthy living and working environment.
- International Collaboration: Importance of collaboration between countries, international organizations, and stakeholders in addressing global health challenges and ensuring a coordinated response.
- Recognized International Health Organizations: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA.
Preambles
- Diseases know no boundaries, e.g., Ebola across W/Africa.
- Malaria: The disease without borders.
- History of International Health
- 1377: First recorded quarantine legislation for prevention of transhipment of rodents in Europe.
- 1902: US Pan American Sanitary Bureau coordinates quarantine procedures.
- Definition of International Health:
- Public health with an international dimension.
- Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries.
Concept of International Health
- Also called geographic medicine or global health, is a field of health care, usually with a public health emphasis, dealing with health across regional or national boundaries.
- One subset of international medicine, travel medicine, prepares travelers for exotic illnesses with immunizations, prophylactic medications, preventive techniques, in-transit care, and post-travel care.
- International health refers to health personnel or organizations from one area or nation providing direct health care or health sector development in another area or nation.
Perspectives of International Health
- Protection of population from illness.
Components of International Health
- Applies epidemiology principles while appreciating the root causes of ill-health globally.
- Deals with public health expenditure, out-of-pocket expenditure, and the introduction of National Health Insurance Schemes.
- Comparative studies of health care systems.
- Comparative studies of health status.
Global Health
- The health of populations in the global context. It is the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".
- Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.
- About worldwide health improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders.
- Not to be confused with international health, which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries.
- Can be measured as a function of various global diseases and their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present day.
International Health
- Public health experts have become interested in global processes that impact on human health.
- Globalization and Health illustrates the complex and changing sociological environment within which the determinants of health and disease express themselves.
- The spread of a disease doesn't stop at a country's borders.
- With more people traveling to other countries and living in crowded cities, it's easier for germs to spread. Infectious diseases that start in one part of the world can quickly reach another.
- Resistance to medicines such as antibiotics and antimalarial are on the rise. This makes it harder to treat certain diseases. Natural and man-made disasters create refugee populations with immediate and long-term health problems.
- Some of the major diseases currently affecting countries around the globe include HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Zika, Dengue, and tuberculosis.
- Climate change is also an international problem which can affect people's health.
- Many countries and health organizations are working together (one-health approach) and sharing information on these and other health issues.
International Health / Global Health
- Systematic consideration of all the factors that affect the health of human populations.
- Among these factors are the genetic, ethnic, and cultural makeup of individuals and groups; the natural environment, including biologic, physical, and climatologic aspects; the political and economic environment; and special circumstances such as population migration, warfare, and violence.
- Also within the definition is a study of the structure, policies, and functions of the varied components of the health sector.
- In any one country, the health sector is made up of national and local governmental public agencies, commercial private enterprises, and the many non-governmental organizations that contribute to improving health.
International Health (Continued)
- Persons interested in international health may seek specific training and skills in health or behavioral sciences, economics, anthropology, communications, management, or a wide variety of other fields.
- Specialists are employed in colleges and universities, schools of medicine and public health, international or government agencies, humanitarian or charitable organizations, or commercial companies.
- Some may be self-employed as individual consultants. They may work in fields as diverse as basic biomedical research, immunization policy, implementation of programs in remote communities, or studies of international agencies concerned with health.
- Some scholars may analyse and compare the medical care systems of the industrialized countries of North America, western Europe, Japan, Australia, or New Zealand.
Responsibilities of an International Health Specialist
- Concerned with issues like the control of infectious and other diseases, interactions of health and economic development, education and training, and the financing and operation of medical care institutions in poorer countries.
Problems Confronted by International Health Workers
- Control of illnesses, injuries, and other threats to individual health.
- Provision of medical care services to individuals, and public health services to communities and nations.
- Regions ravaged by war, civil disturbance, or economic downturn often have outbreaks of typhus, diphtheria, or tuberculosis, as well as manifestations of psychological stresses.
International Health Regulations (IHR)
- Legally binding international instrument adopted by all 196 Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO).
- Aims to prevent, protect against, control, and respond to the international spread of disease while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade.
Key Features of the International Health Regulations include
- Scope: The IHR cover the international spread of diseases, including those that pose a public health risk potentially crossing borders. The regulations are not limited to specific diseases and are designed to be flexible to address emerging health threats.
- Notification and Reporting: Member States are required to notify the WHO of certain public health events, including those that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The notification and reporting mechanisms facilitate timely information exchange and coordinated responses.
- Risk Assessment and Response: States are expected to assess the risk of the international spread of disease and respond accordingly. This may involve implementing public health measures, including surveillance, contact tracing, and travel restrictions, as deemed necessary.
- Coordination and Collaboration: The IHR emphasize collaboration and coordination between countries and with international organizations. States are encouraged to share information and expertise to strengthen global health security.
- Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC): The declaration of a PHEIC by the WHO is a significant aspect of the IHR. This declaration is made when an extraordinary event poses a public health risk to other states through the international spread of disease and requires a coordinated international response.
- National Capacity Building: Member States are encouraged to build and maintain the capacity to detect, assess, notify, and respond to public health events. This includes developing infrastructure, laboratories, and human resources for effective disease surveillance and response.
- The IHR were revised in 2005 to enhance global health security and better address emerging threats. The revisions reflected the lessons learned from events such as the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003.
- The IHR are a crucial component of the global health architecture, promoting cooperation and coordination to address public health threats that transcend national borders.
Port Health Services
- Specialized public health services that operate at ports, airports, and other points of entry into a country.
- The primary goal is to prevent, detect, and respond to potential public health threats associated with the movement of people, goods, and conveyances across international borders.
- Play a crucial role in safeguarding public health by implementing measures to control the spread of infectious diseases and ensuring compliance with international health regulations.
Some Key Aspects of Port Health Services
- Disease Surveillance and Monitoring: PHS conduct surveillance and monitoring activities to identify individuals or cargo that may pose a risk of carrying infectious diseases. This may involve screening passengers and crew members for symptoms, conducting health assessments, and monitoring trends in disease occurrence.
- Quarantine Measures: When necessary, PHS may implement quarantine measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Quarantine involves isolating individuals who may have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent further transmission.
- Health Documentation Checks: PHS verify and enforce compliance with health-related documentation requirements. This includes checking international certificates of vaccination, health declarations, and other relevant documents to ensure that travelers and cargo meet health standards.
- Vaccination and Immunization: PHS may administer or require proof of vaccination for certain diseases. This helps prevent the importation and exportation of vaccine-preventable diseases and contributes to global health security.
- Vector Control: In regions where vector-borne diseases are a concern. This includes measures to control and prevent the spread of diseases transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks.
- Coordination with Other Agencies: Port Health Services collaborate with various agencies, including customs, immigration, and transportation authorities, to ensure a coordinated approach to public health at points of entry. This interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for an effective response to health threats.
- Public Health Education: PHS may conduct public health education campaigns to raise awareness among travelers and the public about health risks, preventive measures, and the importance of compliance with health regulations.
- Emergency Response: Port Health Services are equipped to respond rapidly to public health emergencies. This includes having contingency plans in place, trained personnel, and the necessary resources to manage outbreaks or other health crises.
- Overall, Port Health Services contribute to global health security by implementing measures that balance the facilitation of international travel and trade with the protection of public health.
- These services operate within the framework of international health regulations, such as the International Health Regulations (IHR), which provide guidelines for preventing and responding to the international spread of diseases.
Historical Background of International Health
- "Nothing on earth is more international than disease"------------Paul Russel.
- Health and disease have no political or geographical boundaries.
- Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other parts e.g., emergence and outbreak of H1N1 Swine flu in Mexico that eventually crept into some part of California in USA.
- Cholera outbreak in London: English physician John Snow published his “On the Mode of transmission of Cholera” in 1849, updating it in 1855 with lessons he’d learned the year before.
- During the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak in the Soho district of London, Snow had—based on his theory that cholera was transmitted by exposure to contaminated water—used extensive interviews and intricately plotted maps to trace the source of the outbreak to a single water pump.
- Disabling the pump ended the outbreak almost immediately, in a poignant example of an early, effective public health intervention.
- Cholera still causes nearly 130,000 deaths a year worldwide, according to the CDC.
- Modern sewage and water treatment have helped to eradicate cholera in some countries, but the virus is still present elsewhere.
- You can get a vaccine for cholera if you’re planning to travel to areas that are high-risk. The best way to prevent cholera is to wash hands regularly with soap and water, and avoid drinking contaminated water.
- The spread of pestilences, particularly of plague and cholera along trade routes is documented.
- In order to protect against the spread of disease from one country to another, many attempts were made in the past by individual, rulers, and government at the 3 health system levels to place barriers against infection by detection and isolation of incoming travelers.
- In the 14th century, a procedure known as “quarantine” was introduced in Europe to protect against the importation of plague.
- Ships, crews, travelers, and cargoes, suspected of harboring latent infection, were detained for a 40-day period.
- The underlying idea was that the passage of time would give dormant disease to manifest itself or die out.
- Quarantine soon became an established practice in many countries, and different countries adopted different quarantine procedures.
- This was the origin of international health work.
Quarantine Measures: Success or Failure?
- Quarantine failed because of the lack of knowledge regarding the causation and mode of spread of diseases.
- Opposition to quarantine came from several quarters because the 40-days detention obstructed and caused serious inconveniences to international trade and travel.
- Necessary for international agreement and co-operation on quarantine matters to control communicable diseases.
- International conferences were held and organizations set up for discussion, agreement and co-operation on matters of international health.
- Brief account of these endeavors and of the early health organizations which preceded the World Health Organization is stated below:
First International Sanitary Conference (1851)
- The origin of international health dates back to 1851, when an international sanitary conference, the first of its kind, was convened in Paris.
- The conference was attended mainly by European countries such as Austria, France, Great Britain, Greece, Portugal, Russia, Spain and 4 sovereign states (Sardinia, the two Sicilies, the Papal States, Tuscany) that were later to form a united Italy.
- Turkey also participated in this conference.
Objectives of the Conference
- To introduce some order and uniformity into quarantine measures which varied from country to country.
- The conference lasted for 6 months with no lasting results.
- Some members opposed quarantine, and some took an intermediate position.
- Despite many difficulties involved, an international sanitary code was prepared, comprising 137 articles dealing with cholera, plague and yellow fever.
- But, the sanitary code never came into force as it was ratified by only three countries-France, Portugal and Sardinia of which Portugal and Sardinia withdrew in 1865.
- Thus the conference was generally regarded as having ended in failure.
- The 1851 conference was followed in rapid succession by further conferences-no less than 10 conferences took place between 1851 and 1902, but they were equally unable to reach an agreement on quarantine measures.
Other Milestones in International Health
- Establishment of Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) in 1902 in USA.
- It was primarily intended to coordinate quarantine procedures in the USA.
- In 1947 the bureau was reorganized and the organization and was called the Pan American Sanitary Organization (PASO).
- In 1949, an agreement was reached whereby PASO would serve as the WHO Regional office for the Americas.
- In 1958, the name was changed to PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) and remain world first intl health agency.
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1943)
- UNRRA was set up in 1943 with the general purpose of organizing recovery from the effect of the second world war.
- UNRRA had a health division to care for the health of the millions of displaced persons / refugees, to restore and help services and to revive the machinery for international interchange of information on epidemic diseases.
- UNRRA did outstanding work of preventing the spread of typhus and other diseases so that they never reached serious epidemic levels anywhere.
- UNRRA offers assistance to malaria control in countries as Greece and Italy, where war had disrupted peace-time antimalarial services, was on immense scale.
- At the end of 1946, UNRRA terminated its official existence and its health activities and financial assets and liabilities were taken over by the interim commission of WHO.
Birth of WHO
- It has its origin in April 1945, during the conference held at San Francisco to set up the United Nation.
- Representatives of Brazil and China proposed that an intl health organization should be established and that a conference to frame its constitution should be convened.
- The constitution was drawn up at an intl health conf. in New York in 1946.
- The conf. set up an “interim commission” to prepare the ground for new organization and to carry out urgent tasks until the WHO had been accepted by the required number of UN Member States.
- The ratifications were secured by 7 April 1948; the formal existence of the WHO as a specialized agency began on that date.
- The formation of WHO represents the culmination of efforts to establish a single worldwide inter-governmental health agency.
WHO
- Specialized, non-political health agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Geneva.
- In 1946, the constitution was drafted by the “Technical Preparatory Committee” under the chairmanship of Rene Sand, and was approved same year by an international health conf. of 51 nations in New York.
- The constitution came into force on 7th April 1948 and is celebrated every year as “World Health Day”.
- A world health day theme is chosen each year to focus attention on a specific aspect of public health.
Objective of WHO
- The current objective of the WHO is “the attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000AD of highest level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life-also known as health for all by 2000AD.
The preamble of the constitution states:
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
- The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic and social condition.
- The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and states.
- The achievement of any state in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.
- Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment is essential to such development.
- Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of the utmost importance in the improvement of the health of the people.
- Government have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures.
- The WHO is unique among the UN Specialized Agencies in that it has its constitution, own governing bodies, own membership and own budget.
- It is part of, but not subordinate to the United Nations.
Membership of WHO
- Membership is open to all countries.
- While most countries are members of both UN and of WHO, there are some differences.
- For example, Switzerland is a member of WHO but not of the United Nations.
- Territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their international relations may be admitted as associate members.
- Members participate without vote in the deliberations of the WHO.
- Each member state contributes yearly to the budget and each is entitled to the services and aid the organization can provide.
- In 1948, the WHO had 56 members. By 1996 WHO had 190 Member States and two Associate Members.
Work of WHO
- First constitutional function is to act as the directing and coordinating authority on all international health work.
- This function permits WHO’s Member States to identify collectively priority health problems throughout the world.
- To define collective health policies and targets to cope with them,
- To devise collectively strategies, principles and programmes to give effect to these policies and to attain the targets.
- The WHO also has specific responsibilities for establishing and promoting international standards in the field of health, which comprise the following broad areas:
Major Functions of WHO
- Prevention and control of specific diseases
- Development of Comprehensive health services
- Family health
- Environmental health
- Health statistics
- Biomedical research
- Health literature and information
- Cooperation with other organizations.
Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases
- Global eradication of smallpox is an outstanding example of international health co-operation.
- With the same energy and commitment with which WHO eradicated smallpox, it is now directing the global battle against HIV/AIDS.
- WHO conduct epidemiological surveillance of communicable and non-communicable diseases and report such activities through an Automatic Telex Reply Service (ATRS) and the “Weekly Epidemiological record” (WER)
- WHO has also paid attention in its programme of work on non-communicable disease problems such as Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug addiction and dental diseases.
- The activities of WHO have also branched out into the fields of vector biology and control, immunology, quality control of drugs and biological products, drug evaluation and monitoring and health laboratory technology as these activities are relevant to the control of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
- Immunization against common diseases of childhood e.g., acute diarrheal diseases, cholera, diphtheria, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Measles, meningitis, polio, yellow fever etc (Expanded prog. On Immunization) is now a priority prog. Of WHO.
Development of Comprehensive Health Services
- This involved a wide variety of activities such as organizing health systems based on primary health care, development of health manpower and utilization, building of long-term national capability, particularly in the areas of health infrastructure development and managerial capabilities(including M&E)
Family Health
- Is one of the major programme activities of WHO since 1970.
- It is broadly divided into:
- Maternal and Child health care,
- Human reproduction,
- Nutrition and
- Health Education
- The chief concern is the improvement of the quality of life of the family as a unit.
Environmental Health
- Promotion of environmental health is a priority of WHO.
- WHO advises govt on national programmes for the provision of basic sanitary services.
- Responsible for protection of the quality of air, water and food; health condition of work, radiation protection and early identification of new hazards originating from new technological development.
Health Statistics
- WHO since inception has been concerned with the dissemination of a wide variety of morbidity and mortality statistics relating to health problems.
- The data are published in
- Weekly epidemiological record
- World health statistics quarterly
- World health statistics annual.
Biomedical Research
- WHO does not conduct research per say, but stimulates, support, fund and co-ordinates research work.
- It has established a world-wide network of WHO collaborating centre's, besides awarding grants to research workers and research institutions for promoting research.
- The 6 tropical diseases (Malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and leprosy) are the target of WHO/TDR special programme for research and training in tropical diseases to deveopl new tools, strengthening research institutions and training health workers in the affected countries.
Health Literature and Information
- It acts as a clearing house for information on health problems.
- Its publishes hundreds of titles on a wide variety of health subjects.
- WHO library is one of the satellite centres of the Medical Literature analysis and Retrieval system (MEDLARS) of the U.S National Library of Medicine.
- MEDLARS is the only fully computerised indexing system covering the whole of medicine on an intl basis.
Cooperation with Other Organizations
- WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other specialized agencies and maintains various degrees of working relationships.
- Besides, WHO also established relationship with a number of international governmental organizations.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) is the body of the United Nations (UN) responsible for directing and coordinating health.
- Since its inception in 1947 WHO has been at the forefront of many breakthroughs in the field including, most notably, what has come to be described as one of the greatest humanitarian achievements of the 20th century, the elimination of Smallpox in 1979.
- However WHO’s inability to control the spread of HIV/AIDS, particularly in Africa has cast doubt on its effectiveness
Structure of WHO
- The WHO consists of three principal organs:
- The world health assembly
- The executive board
- The secretariat.
The World Health Assembly
- This is the health parliament of nations and the supreme governing body of the organization.
- It meets annually, usually in May, and generally at the headquarters in Geneva, but from time to time in other countries.
- The 14th World Health Assembly met in New Delhi in 1961.
- The assembly is composed of delegates representing Member States, each of which has one vote.
Functions of the Health Assembly
The main functions are:
- To determine international health policy and programmes
- To review the work of the past year.
- To approve the budget needed for the following year and
- To elect Member States to designate a person to serve for 3 years on the executive board and to replace the retiring members.
- The Health Assembly also appoints the Director General on the nomination of the Executive board.
- It is now the practice to organize on the occasion of each health assembly, “technical discussions” on some subjects of world interest.
The Executive Board
- Had originally 18 members, each designated by a member state.
- Subsequently the number was raised 24 and 30.
- The health assembly (1976) increased the membership from 30 to 31, providing that no fewer than 3 are to be elected from each of the WHO regions.
- The members of the board are to be “technically qualified in the field of health”.
- One-third of the membership is renewed every year.
- The Executive board meets at least twice a year, January and shortly after the meeting of the World health assembly in may.
- The main work of the Board is to give effect to the decisions and policies of the assembly.
- The board also has sole power to take action in case of emergency such as epidemics, earthquake, and floods where immediate action is needed.
The Secretariat
- Headed by the Director General who is the chief technical and administrative officer of the organization.
- The primary function of the WHO secretariat is to provide member states with technical and managerial support for their national health development programme.
- In 1948, WHO staff counted 250 persons, in 1985 counted 4475 international public servants / staff.
- At WHO headquarter in Geneva, there are 5 Assistant Director Generals each of whom is responsible for the work of such divisions as may from time to time be assigned to him by the DG.
On 31 December, 1985, the WHO Secretariat comprised of the following divisions:
- Division of epidemiological surveillance and health situation and trend assessment.
- Division of communicable diseases.
- Division of vector biology and control.
- Division of environmental health
- Division of public information and education for health.
- Division of Mental health
- Division of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative technology.
- Division of strengthening of health services
- Division of family health
- Division of non-communicable diseases
- Division of health manpower development.
- Division of Information systems support.
- Division of personnel and general services
- Division of budget and finance.
WHO Regions
- In order to meet the special health needs of different areas, WHO has established six regional organizations:
Other UN Agencies
- UNICEF
- UNDP
- FAO
- ILO
- WORLD BANK
- UNFPA
UNICEF
- Is one of the specialized agency of the UNs.
- It was established in 1946 by the United nations General Assembly to deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries to provide emergency food and healthcare.
- UNICEF is governed by a 30 nation executive board.
- The headquarters of the UNICEF is at United Nations, New York.
- UNICEF works in close collaboration with WHO and the other specialized agencies of the United Nations like UNDP, FAO and UNESCO.
- It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
- In the early years, UNICEF and WHO worked together on urgent problems such as malaria, tuberculosis and venereal disease.
- Later its assistance to countries covered such fields as maternal and child health, nutrition, environmental sanitation (especially provision of water supplies to rural communities), health centres and health education and programme which would directly or indirectly benefit child health.
- UNICEF is not only concern about campaign for the eradication of specific diseases unless they are of greater concern to mothers and children.
- They are most concern about the “whole child” meaning that assistance should be geared not only to health and nutrition which are of immediate benefit to children, but also to their long-term personnel devt and the devt of their countries.
- Funding and Support
- UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors, UNICEF's total income for 2015 was US$5,009,557,471.
- Governments contribute two-thirds of the organization's resources.
- Private groups and individuals contribute the rest through national committees.
- It is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to programme services.
- UNICEF's programmes emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006.
Content of Services of UNICEF
- Child health.
- Child nutrition
- Family and child welfare
- Education-formal and non-formal.
- GOBI Campaign
UNICEF Initiatives
- Child health: UNICEF has provided substantial aid for the production of vaccines and sera in many countries.
- UNICEF is supporting BCG vaccination programme in some African Countries.
- Supplies of triple vaccines and iodized salt.
- She is also assisting environmental sanitation programmes emphasizing safe and sufficient water for drinking and household use in rural areas.
- The purpose is not only to reduce child illness and death, but to improve the quality of life in the community.
- Currently, UNICEF is focusing attention on providing primary health care to mothers and children.
- Emphasis is placed on immunization, infant and young child care, family planning aspects of family health(Distribution of condoms); provision of safe portable water(Drilling of borehole);
- Child Nutrition: UNICEF supports and aid child nutrition in form of supplementing child feeding with the devt of low-cost-protein-rich food mixtures.
- Specific aid is provided for intervention against nutritional deficiency diseases e.g., provision of large doses of vitamin A in areas where xerophthalmia is prevalent.
- Enrichment of salt with iodine in areas / individual suffering from endemic goitre.
- Provision of iron and folate supplements to combat anaemias.
- Family and child welfare: The purpose is to improve care of children, both within and outside their homes
- Education-formal and non-formal: in collaboration with UNESCO, UNICEF is assisting developed countries in the expansion and improvement of teaching sciences, science lab equipment procurement, workshop tools, library books, audio-visual aids to educational institutions.
- GOBI Campaign: To encourage 4 strategies for a “child health revolution”
- G= growth chart to better monitor child development.
- O= oral rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration.
- B= Breast feeding (even HIV/AIDS positive mothers)
- I= immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus and tuberculosis.
- UNICEF Activities covers:
- Child survival and protection-reduction in child mortality. Interventions like immunization, improved infant feeding practices formulation by Prof Balogun-University of Ilorin.
- Child growth monitoring.
- Home-based diarrhoea management.
- Portable water provision and environmental sanitation.
- Birth spacing through educated family planning scheme.
- Educating the girl child.
- Income generating ventures for women.
UNICEF's Priorities
- UNICEF contributes effectively to reducing poverty, through advocacy and partnerships that create sustained investments in children’s survival, development and protection.
- Promotes Young Child Survival and Development: In support of Millennium Goal 4 – reducing child mortality – and Goal 6, malaria control, among others, UNICEF works toward comprehensive child health care in the earliest years, including the antenatal period before birth.
- UNICEF advocates for and gives financial and technical support to national- and community-based education and intervention programmes on health care and nutrition.
- Priority areas include immunization, preventing and controlling malaria, controlling and treating diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases, eradicating guinea worm and preventing anaemia.
- Health programmes ideally include antenatal care of pregnant women, and neonatal care in the first four weeks after birth, including promoting breastfeeding.
- UNICEF also shares advocacy, social mobilization, and research work in a supporting role to help other agencies provide emergency obstetrics.
- UNICEF provides vaccines to 40 per cent of children in developing countries, and provides technical support on the complicated process of delivering them. Millions are protected from diseases like measles, polio, diphtheria and tuberculosis with vaccines that cost an average of only 50 cents per child.
- Vaccination programs ideally include supplements of vitamin A and micronutrients that further boost immunity and help prevent malnutrition-related disorders.
- UNICEF is also often first on the ground in declared emergencies to deliver these and other life-saving interventions, like fresh water and basic medical supplies.
- Along with the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF supports local programmes that improve access to basic water and sanitation, which are in turn vital for health, development and education initiatives.
- Basic Education and Gender Equality: In support of MDG 2 and 3, UNICEF collaborates with countries, donor governments and other UN agencies to promote, fund and facilitate universal primary education and gender equality.
- This includes improving children’s developmental readiness for school, especially for excluded children and among disadvantaged groups, via community-sponsored childhood education and health initiatives.
- In all stages of this process, through advocacy and local programmes, UNICEF works to reduce the gender gap and other disparities in access to, participation in and completion of basic schooling. This includes` supporting water, sanitation and hygiene improvement in schools to create a child-friendly environment for learning.
- Using practical demonstrations and evidence-based advocacy, UNICEF seeks to help national and local governments and groups improve educational quality and retention.
- Finally, UNICEF also delivers school supplies and tents in emergencies as part of its Back-to-School programme, helping children return to a more normal, safe environment and protecting their right to basic education.
- HIV/AIDS and Children: This disease crisis brings poverty and social devastation along with death. To combat it – which helps reach MDG 6 -- UNICEF works with nations, non-profit organizations and religious groups, youth organizations and many other partners to organize gender-sensitive prevention education, skills and service campaigns aimed particularly at adolescents.
- UNICEF also works via advocacy and community outreach to help governments, communities and families support children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.
- UNICEF also supports programmes that help prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS and that increase the number and proportion of women and children receiving antiretroviral drugs.
- Child Protection: In support of Millennium Summit Declaration Section 6 – Protecting the Vulnerable UNICEF advances protective environments to help prevent and respond to violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination, and for children made vulnerable by emergencies.
- Focus areas include raising government awareness of child protection rights and situation analysis, as well as promoting laws that punish child exploiters. Working through advocacy and its local offices worldwide, UNICEF helps strengthen the resources of schools, communities and families to care for marginalized children, including those orphaned by HIV/AIDS.
- Policy Analysis, Advocacy and Partnerships for Children’s Rights. Reducing child poverty is a critical part of fulfilling these rights. To that end, and to accomplish MDG 1, UNICEF promotes sustained national and global investments that leverage resources and results for children’s well being, including in emergency situations. Working with a wide range of partnerships including governments, regional bodies, and private and civil society groups, UNICEF provides input and participates in developing sector-wide approaches (SWAPs), Poverty Reduction Strategy Plans (PRSPs)and budgets.
Health work of Bilateral Agencies
- USAID
- UKAID
- DFID
- SIDA
- DANIDA
Non-Governmental Organizations & other Agencies
- Rockefeller Foundation
- Ford Foundation
- Care Foundation
- International Red Cross
- Family Health International (FHI 360)
- Save Blood International etc.,
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
- The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network.
- Headquartered in New York City, UNDP advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life.
- It provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries.
- The status of UNDP is that of an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking official of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.
Core Responsibilities of
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Description
Explore the primary focuses of International Health Regulations (IHR) set by the WHO, the role of Port Health Services, strategies for mitigating health threats. Also learn about the role of NGOs play including the influence of colonial and post-colonial contexts.
