International Financial Institutions and Corporations

• Understanding international financial institutions and global corporations is important to understanding the global economy and its opportunities
• Challenges also need recognition

Three Important International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

• International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes global financial stability, provides financial assistance to countries facing economic crises, offers policy advice to help countries manage their finances
• World Bank provides financial aid, loans, and technical expertise for projects related to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability
• As an Example, The World Bank can help with financing when a manager from a developing country aims to build schools and improve healthcare
• World Trade Organization ensures fair and transparent trade, establishes rules for international trade, resolves trade disputes, promotes a smooth flow of goods and services across borders

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

• Both MNCs and TNCs contribute to economic growth, job creation, and technological advancement
• Environmental impact and labor rights represent concerns relates to MNCs and TNCs
• Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that have operations in multiple countries while being headquartered in one country.
• Coca Cola stands as an example
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs) operate without a specific headquarters and have a significant impact on the global economy.
• Google stands as an example

Factors Affecting Income Inequality in the Philippines

• Economic policies and globalization can benefit certain industries while disadvantaging others, leading to uneven economic growth
• Disparities in access to quality education leads to differences in skill levels, which affect employment opportunities and widen the income gap
• Women tend to have lower income levels due to limited access to education and employment opportunities, social inequality persists
• Certain ethnic groups and regions are more disadvantaged, facing systemic barriers to economic participation

Impact of Income Inequality on Poverty

• Limited access to basic services leads to disparities in access to basic services
• Social mobility is limited for lower-income individuals
• Quality of life diminishes, leading to higher rates of malnutrition

Strategies for Inclusive Growth and Job Creation

• Enhancing education and workforce development contributes to inclusive economic growth by equipping the workforce with necessary skills for participation in the global economy
• Infrastructure development improves access to markets
• Support for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) fosters innovation and competition within the economy

The Role of Microfinance and Entrepreneurship in Alleviating Poverty

• Microfinance and entrepreneurship create opportunities for socio-economic advancement

Understanding the United Nations and Global Governance

• In discussing a resolution on global disarmament, the primary role of maintaining international peace and security must be observed
• The UN specialized agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) can intervene during disease outbreaks
• Climate change requires strategies to combat this, to reduce of greenhouse gas emissions
• Rise of Non-State Actors: A corporation engaging in business activities that harm the environment across multiple countries
• Cybercrime: a country experiencing cybercrime activities that target its critical infrastructure

Governance and Anti-Corruption

• Citizens need access to financial information related to government spending, financial transparency should be in place
• Enacting and enforcing comprehensive anti-corruption legislation is important
• Establishing independent oversight bodies is important when evidence of corruption emerges
• Strengthening financial transparency when a citizen seeks access to government spending information

How To Combat Corruption

• Implement robust anti-corruption measures to ensure corrupt officials are held accountable for their actions
• Strengthen anti-money laundering efforts when suspicious financial transactions are identified
• Enhance international cooperation and collaboration

How to Enhance Citizen Participation

• Strengthening communication and outreach, citizen participation should be prioritized in decision-making processes
• Empower local communities and embrace collaborative decision-making

Global Divides

• Global stratification and modernization theory: Developing countries can face limited access to facilities

Asian Regionalism

• Cooperation between Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore address regional security

Important figures:

• Hernandez (1996): Linked regionalism to the end of the Cold War, due to its flexibility

• Huntington (1996): Cultural identity plays a role by fostering loyalty, forming civilizations

• Hettne (1996): Proposed four levels of regionness: Geographical Unit, Social System, Organized Cooperation, and Civil Society

• Indrees M (2017): Regionalism addresses global issues within a regional context despite globalization, essential in the context of post-World War II global patterns

• Haruhiko Kuroda: States that enhanced dialogue, expanded intraregional trade and investment, and increased connectivity regional impacted economic success in Asia

• Regionalism prioritizes local cooperation and identity, while globalization emphasizes worldwide interconnectedness.

Social inclusion and human rights

The following are scenarios of how to challenge stereotypes, address pay dispairities, promote gender equality and work place balance

• Implement a gener- sensitive curriculum
• Conduct a sallary audit
• Provide flexible working hours or remote work options
• Ensure an equal pay law
• Providing credit and entreprenuership support
• Establish a zero tolerence policy for seual harrassment
• Ensuring equal opportunity for everyone in work places
• Offering work shops on gender streotypes and offering legal advice to survivors of gender based violence