Afganistan/Pakistan
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Questions and Answers

What is a notable characteristic of Afghanistan's political system from 1948 to 1963?

  • Islamist rule
  • Authoritarian state with a communist model
  • Monarchical system (correct)
  • Western-type democratic system

    • What has been a consistent characteristic of the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

  • Economic interdependence
  • Cultural exchange
  • Military balance of power
  • Imbalance of military capability (correct)

    • What type of political system has been in place in Afghanistan since 2001?

  • Western-type democratic system (correct)
  • Communist system
  • Islamist rule
  • Authoritarian state

    • What has not been a factor in the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict?

    <p>Domestic pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a notable aspect of Pakistan's behavior in the conflict?

    <p>Reluctance to use superior military power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major concern of the Afghan government regarding the 1893 Durand Line agreement?

    <p>The legitimacy of the agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Pakistan's support to Afghanistan in the 1980s?

    <p>Traditional Muslim education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Pakistan's support to Afghanistan in the 1980s?

    <p>The establishment of the Taliban movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Afghanistan dependent on Pakistan for international trade?

    <p>Because of its landlocked geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a persistent aspect of the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>Economic discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the frequency of verbal hostility between the leaders of Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>Frequent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of extensive violence in Afghanistan between the Mujahuddin and Soviet occupation forces?

    <p>1979-1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions was present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?

    <p>External pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the group involved in the struggle for power in Afghanistan during the 1990s?

    <p>Taliban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the border that has been a source of conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>Durand Line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in 1971 had a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>The Bangladesh War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the empire that once controlled most of the territory of present-day Pakistan?

    <p>Durrani Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethnic group has been a significant factor in the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>Pushtuns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the main obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>Territorial disputes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afghanistan's political system has been consistently democratic since its independence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pakistan has consistently used its superior military power against Afghanistan in their conflicts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Durand Line agreement was signed in 1971.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been influenced by internal pressures from both countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Taliban ruled Afghanistan from 1963 to 1978.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been the source of conflict between the two countries since 1950.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan lasted from 1970 to 1980.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Taliban was involved in a struggle for power in Afghanistan during the 1980s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been characterized by frequent physical violence between the leaders of the two countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Durand Line has always been recognized as the legal foundation of Afghanistan's claim to the North West Frontier Province.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pushtuns are the largest ethnic community in Pakistan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afghanistan and Pakistan have a long history of peaceful relations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bangladesh War of 1971 did not have a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Durrani Empire once controlled most of the territory of present-day Afghanistan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1893 Durand Line agreement was viewed by Pakistan as a legitimate and morally justified territorial division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afghanistan is a coastal country with its own ports for international trade.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pakistan supported secular education in Afghanistan during the 1980s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Taliban movement was supported by the Afghan government in the 1980s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Afghan-Pakistan conflict was primarily driven by economic interests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Pakistan has not fully utilized its superior military power against Afghanistan in their interstate conflicts?

    <p>Pakistan's reluctance to employ its superior military power against a weaker neighbor due to several reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the dominant characteristic of Afghanistan's political system throughout its history?

    <p>Authoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the primary source of conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>The border between the two countries, specifically the Durand Line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event in 2001 marked a significant shift in Afghanistan's political system?

    <p>The U.S. invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the nature of the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan in terms of internal pressures to resolve their conflict?

    <p>There is no discernible evidence of internally generated pressure within Afghanistan or Pakistan to resolve their interstate protracted conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which periods did Afghanistan experience extensive violence?

    <p>Between 1979 and 1989, and during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?

    <p>Only one, which was external pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1893 Durand Line agreement in relation to the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>It has been a source of conflict between the two countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the relationship between the leaders of Afghanistan and Pakistan in terms of physical violence?

    <p>There was no physical violence between them since their last crisis more than half a century ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the resolution of the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict based on the Con ct Resolution Model?

    <p>The absence of the five conditions led to the non-resolution of the conflict, resulting in its long-term persistence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Durand Line in the context of the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict?

    <p>The Durand Line provides the legal foundation of Pakistan's claim to the North West Frontier Province, which Afghanistan has always rejected as illegal and illegitimate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical context of the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict in terms of territorial control?

    <p>The Durrani Empire, which once controlled most of the territory of present-day Pakistan, has led to ongoing territorial disputes between the two countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ethnic diversity of Afghanistan and Pakistan contribute to the conflict between the two countries?

    <p>The fundamental ethnic differences between the multiple tribes and ethnic communities in Afghanistan and the diverse ethnic groups in Pakistan, such as Baluchis, Punjabis, and Sindhis, have contributed to the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the 1971 Bangladesh War on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>The 1971 Bangladesh War had a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan, as it led to the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state and changed the territorial dynamics of the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?

    <p>The unresolved dispute over the North West Frontier Province is the primary obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary target of Afghan propaganda regarding the 1893 Durand Line agreement?

    <p>The legality and legitimacy of the agreement, viewed as an imposition by a superior power and lacking moral justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Pakistan support traditional Muslim education in Afghanistan during the 1980s?

    <p>By creating madrassas and providing teachers for Afghan refugees, as well as financing Muslim clerics in tribal regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Afghanistan economically dependent on Pakistan?

    <p>Because Afghanistan is a landlocked country that relies on Pakistan for imports and exports to the rest of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Pakistan's support for traditional Muslim education in Afghanistan during the 1980s?

    <p>The creation of a movement that would eventually become the Taliban, which played a crucial role in Afghanistan's conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Durand Line agreement for Afghanistan?

    <p>It denied the right of Pashtuns to self-determination and was seen as a morally unjust imposition by a superior power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Afghanistan and Pakistan: Interstate Conflict

    • The conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan has persisted over several decades, with periods of moderate and modest violence in the 1950s, 1955, and 1961.

    Military Capability

    • Pakistan has maintained overall superiority in military manpower and conventional and unconventional weapons over the decades.
    • Despite this, Pakistan has been reluctant to employ its superior military power against a weaker neighbor.

    Domestic Pressures

    • There is no discernible evidence of internally generated pressure within Afghanistan or Pakistan to resolve their interstate protracted conflict.
    • Afghanistan's political system has changed over time, from a monarchical system (1948-1963) to a Republican system (1963-1978), a Communist system (1978-1989), and Islamist rule by the Taliban (1992-2001).
    • A Western-type democratic system has been in place since the US invasion in 2001.

    Propaganda and Conflict-Sustaining Behavior

    • The primary target for Afghan propaganda has been the legality and legitimacy of the 1893 Durand Line agreement, which Afghanistan views as a blatant imposition by a superior power.
    • The propaganda dimension of conflict-sustaining behavior included a battle between an increasingly secular, pro-Soviet Afghan regime and Pakistan's support for traditional Muslim education in the 1970s and 1980s.

    Economic Discrimination

    • Pakistan has been able to shape the economic 'rules of the game' in this conflict, with Afghanistan being a landlocked state totally dependent on Pakistan for imports and exports.

    Conflict Resolution

    • Only one of the six conditions postulated in the Conflict Resolution Model, external pressures, was present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict, spasmodically.
    • The other five conditions, including exhaustion, changes in the balance of capability, domestic pressures, reduction in discordance of objectives, and decline in conflict-sustaining acts, were absent from this unresolved conflict.
    • The absence of these conditions supports the negative causal link between the absence of these conditions and non-resolution, or long-term persistence of this interstate conflict.

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