60 Questions
What is a notable characteristic of Afghanistan's political system from 1948 to 1963?
Monarchical system
What has been a consistent characteristic of the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Imbalance of military capability
What type of political system has been in place in Afghanistan since 2001?
Western-type democratic system
What has not been a factor in the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict?
Domestic pressures
What has been a notable aspect of Pakistan's behavior in the conflict?
Reluctance to use superior military power
What was a major concern of the Afghan government regarding the 1893 Durand Line agreement?
The legitimacy of the agreement
What was the focus of Pakistan's support to Afghanistan in the 1980s?
Traditional Muslim education
What was the outcome of Pakistan's support to Afghanistan in the 1980s?
The establishment of the Taliban movement
Why is Afghanistan dependent on Pakistan for international trade?
Because of its landlocked geography
What has been a persistent aspect of the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Economic discrimination
What was the frequency of verbal hostility between the leaders of Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Frequent
What was the period of extensive violence in Afghanistan between the Mujahuddin and Soviet occupation forces?
1979-1989
Which of the following conditions was present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?
External pressures
How many of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?
One
What is the name of the group involved in the struggle for power in Afghanistan during the 1990s?
Taliban
What is the name of the border that has been a source of conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Durand Line
Which event in 1971 had a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
The Bangladesh War
What is the name of the empire that once controlled most of the territory of present-day Pakistan?
Durrani Empire
Which ethnic group has been a significant factor in the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Pushtuns
What has been the main obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Territorial disputes
Afghanistan's political system has been consistently democratic since its independence.
False
Pakistan has consistently used its superior military power against Afghanistan in their conflicts.
False
The Durand Line agreement was signed in 1971.
False
The conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been influenced by internal pressures from both countries.
False
The Taliban ruled Afghanistan from 1963 to 1978.
False
The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been the source of conflict between the two countries since 1950.
True
The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan lasted from 1970 to 1980.
False
The Taliban was involved in a struggle for power in Afghanistan during the 1980s.
False
The relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been characterized by frequent physical violence between the leaders of the two countries.
False
All six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict.
False
The Durand Line has always been recognized as the legal foundation of Afghanistan's claim to the North West Frontier Province.
False
The Pushtuns are the largest ethnic community in Pakistan.
False
Afghanistan and Pakistan have a long history of peaceful relations.
False
The Bangladesh War of 1971 did not have a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
False
The Durrani Empire once controlled most of the territory of present-day Afghanistan.
False
The 1893 Durand Line agreement was viewed by Pakistan as a legitimate and morally justified territorial division.
False
Afghanistan is a coastal country with its own ports for international trade.
False
Pakistan supported secular education in Afghanistan during the 1980s.
False
The Taliban movement was supported by the Afghan government in the 1980s.
False
The Afghan-Pakistan conflict was primarily driven by economic interests.
False
What is the primary reason why Pakistan has not fully utilized its superior military power against Afghanistan in their interstate conflicts?
Pakistan's reluctance to employ its superior military power against a weaker neighbor due to several reasons.
What has been the dominant characteristic of Afghanistan's political system throughout its history?
Authoritarianism
What has been the primary source of conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
The border between the two countries, specifically the Durand Line
What event in 2001 marked a significant shift in Afghanistan's political system?
The U.S. invasion
What has been the nature of the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan in terms of internal pressures to resolve their conflict?
There is no discernible evidence of internally generated pressure within Afghanistan or Pakistan to resolve their interstate protracted conflict.
During which periods did Afghanistan experience extensive violence?
Between 1979 and 1989, and during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century.
How many of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict?
Only one, which was external pressures.
What was the significance of the 1893 Durand Line agreement in relation to the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
It has been a source of conflict between the two countries.
What was the nature of the relationship between the leaders of Afghanistan and Pakistan in terms of physical violence?
There was no physical violence between them since their last crisis more than half a century ago.
What can be inferred about the resolution of the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict based on the Con ct Resolution Model?
The absence of the five conditions led to the non-resolution of the conflict, resulting in its long-term persistence.
What is the significance of the Durand Line in the context of the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict?
The Durand Line provides the legal foundation of Pakistan's claim to the North West Frontier Province, which Afghanistan has always rejected as illegal and illegitimate.
What is the historical context of the Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict in terms of territorial control?
The Durrani Empire, which once controlled most of the territory of present-day Pakistan, has led to ongoing territorial disputes between the two countries.
How does the ethnic diversity of Afghanistan and Pakistan contribute to the conflict between the two countries?
The fundamental ethnic differences between the multiple tribes and ethnic communities in Afghanistan and the diverse ethnic groups in Pakistan, such as Baluchis, Punjabis, and Sindhis, have contributed to the conflict.
What is the impact of the 1971 Bangladesh War on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
The 1971 Bangladesh War had a significant impact on the relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan, as it led to the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state and changed the territorial dynamics of the region.
What is the primary obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
The unresolved dispute over the North West Frontier Province is the primary obstacle to resolving the conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
What was the primary target of Afghan propaganda regarding the 1893 Durand Line agreement?
The legality and legitimacy of the agreement, viewed as an imposition by a superior power and lacking moral justification.
How did Pakistan support traditional Muslim education in Afghanistan during the 1980s?
By creating madrassas and providing teachers for Afghan refugees, as well as financing Muslim clerics in tribal regions.
Why is Afghanistan economically dependent on Pakistan?
Because Afghanistan is a landlocked country that relies on Pakistan for imports and exports to the rest of the world.
What was the outcome of Pakistan's support for traditional Muslim education in Afghanistan during the 1980s?
The creation of a movement that would eventually become the Taliban, which played a crucial role in Afghanistan's conflict.
What was the significance of the Durand Line agreement for Afghanistan?
It denied the right of Pashtuns to self-determination and was seen as a morally unjust imposition by a superior power.
Study Notes
Afghanistan and Pakistan: Interstate Conflict
- The conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan has persisted over several decades, with periods of moderate and modest violence in the 1950s, 1955, and 1961.
Military Capability
- Pakistan has maintained overall superiority in military manpower and conventional and unconventional weapons over the decades.
- Despite this, Pakistan has been reluctant to employ its superior military power against a weaker neighbor.
Domestic Pressures
- There is no discernible evidence of internally generated pressure within Afghanistan or Pakistan to resolve their interstate protracted conflict.
- Afghanistan's political system has changed over time, from a monarchical system (1948-1963) to a Republican system (1963-1978), a Communist system (1978-1989), and Islamist rule by the Taliban (1992-2001).
- A Western-type democratic system has been in place since the US invasion in 2001.
Propaganda and Conflict-Sustaining Behavior
- The primary target for Afghan propaganda has been the legality and legitimacy of the 1893 Durand Line agreement, which Afghanistan views as a blatant imposition by a superior power.
- The propaganda dimension of conflict-sustaining behavior included a battle between an increasingly secular, pro-Soviet Afghan regime and Pakistan's support for traditional Muslim education in the 1970s and 1980s.
Economic Discrimination
- Pakistan has been able to shape the economic 'rules of the game' in this conflict, with Afghanistan being a landlocked state totally dependent on Pakistan for imports and exports.
Conflict Resolution
- Only one of the six conditions postulated in the Conflict Resolution Model, external pressures, was present during the Afghanistan/Pakistan conflict, spasmodically.
- The other five conditions, including exhaustion, changes in the balance of capability, domestic pressures, reduction in discordance of objectives, and decline in conflict-sustaining acts, were absent from this unresolved conflict.
- The absence of these conditions supports the negative causal link between the absence of these conditions and non-resolution, or long-term persistence of this interstate conflict.
Explore the concept of international crises and the balance of military capabilities between nations, particularly in the context of Pakistan's superiority in manpower and weapons. Delve into the reasons behind the reluctance to employ superior capabilities in interstate conflicts.
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