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What is the primary goal of global integration in a firm's operations?
Which strategy involves viewing international business as secondary to domestic business?
Which strategy allows for local managers to operate independently while being responsive to local markets?
What is a key benefit of achieving economies of scale in manufacturing?
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What approach does a transnational strategy primarily aim to balance?
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Which method assesses international business opportunities by looking at customer behavior across markets?
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What type of analysis provides an overview of the overall industry production?
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What is a primary advantage of attending international trade fairs for businesses?
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What does international trade primarily involve?
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Which term refers to the procurement of products or services from suppliers located abroad?
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Which of the following is a factor that drives market globalization?
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What is one of the societal consequences of globalization?
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How does international portfolio investment differ from foreign direct investment?
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What is meant by the term 'globalization of production activities'?
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Which of the following statements about firm-level consequences of globalization is true?
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What is a significant effect of globalization on national culture?
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What document acts as the 'birth certificate' of the goods, indicating their country of origin?
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Which of the following terms refers to the strategy where a firm establishes a physical presence abroad?
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What is the primary role of the shippers export declaration?
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In which arrangement does the seller agree to receive payment in the form of goods produced by a supplied facility?
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Which option best describes 'nearshoring'?
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What is the main characteristic of a joint venture (JV)?
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What does CIF in international shipping terms stand for?
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Which term refers to a contracted individual representing an exporter in a designated territory?
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What is the primary goal of vertical integration in a business context?
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What does horizontal integration typically involve?
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Which type of contract involves a firm managing all phases of a project abroad before handing it over?
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What is the main purpose of protectionism in international business?
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How are ad valorem tariffs assessed?
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What is a characteristic of a prohibitive tariff?
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What do local content requirements mandate for manufacturers?
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What do voluntary export restraints mean for exporting firms?
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What distinguishes licensing partners from franchising partners?
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Which entry mode allows a firm to directly control its overseas operations?
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What is a bill of lading primarily used for?
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Which factor most influences the speed and proficiency of a company's international market success?
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In which scenario is indirect exporting most commonly implemented?
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Which of the following best describes partner capabilities in international ventures?
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What distinguishes a commercial invoice from a pro forma invoice?
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How does the intensity of the competitive environment affect market entry strategies?
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Study Notes
The Context of International Business
- Globalization of Markets: Ongoing economic integration and interdependency of countries. It involves worldwide reduction of trade and investment barriers, embracing free trade across nations.
- International Trade: Exchange of products and services across borders. It encompasses exporting (selling goods to foreign buyers) and importing (buying goods from foreign suppliers).
- International Investment: Transfer or acquisition of assets in a foreign country. It includes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), where a company establishes a physical presence in a foreign country, and International Portfolio Investment, where investors passively hold foreign securities for returns.
- Drivers of Market Globalization: Reductions in trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas, transition to market-based economies, industrialization, financial market integration, advancements in technology and communication.
- Dimensions of Market Globalization: Integration of national economies, rise of regional economic blocs, global investment and financial flows, convergence of consumer lifestyles and preferences, globalization of production activities, and globalization of services.
- Societal Consequences: Contagion, loss of national sovereignty, offshoring and job displacement, impact on poverty, environmental concerns, and potential impact on national cultures.
- Firm-Level Consequences: New business opportunities, intensified rivalry from foreign competitors, and new risks associated with internationalizing.
- Global Integration: Coordinating value-chain activities across multiple countries to achieve efficiency, synergies, and cross-fertilization.
- Home Replication Strategy: Viewing international business as separate from domestic business. Expansion abroad aims to generate incremental sales for domestic product lines.
- Multi-domestic Strategy: Firm establishes subsidiaries or affiliates in foreign markets, appointing local managers for independent operation and responsiveness.
- Global Strategy: Headquarters maintains significant control over all country operations for efficiency, learning, and worldwide integration.
- Transnational Strategy: A coordinated approach that balances local responsiveness with centralized control for efficiency, learning, and integration.
Assessing International Business Opportunities
- Simple Trend Analysis: Examining aggregate production for the entire industry.
- Industry-Specific Indicators: Monitoring unique factors driving market demand within an industry.
- Monitoring Key Competitors: Estimating potential market share by analyzing competitors' sales.
- Following Key Customers: Identifying potential sales opportunities by tracking existing customers' needs.
- Tapping into Supplier Networks: Gathering valuable information about sales and competitor activity through supplier connections.
- Attending International Trade Fairs: Learning about market characteristics and sales potential.
- Licensing Partners: Independent businesses using the firm's intellectual property to manufacture products in their own country.
- Franchising Partners: Franchisees acquiring rights and skills from the firm to conduct local operations.
- International Collaborative Ventures: Joint ventures and strategic alliances with partners.
- Competitive Environment: Assessing potential reactions from existing competitors to new market entry.
- Pricing and Financing: Evaluating buyer and channel member attractiveness to the firm's pricing and financing options.
- Human and Financial Resources: Examining company resources for proficiency and speed of success.
- Partner Capabilities: Assessing the skills and resources of potential partners.
- Access to Distribution Channels: Ability to utilize intermediaries and existing channel infrastructure.
- Market Penetration Timetable: Determining whether a fast or slow market entry approach is most suitable.
- Risk Tolerance: Evaluating senior managers' risk appetite.
- Special Links, Contacts, Capabilities: Leveraging the firm's network and connections in the target market.
- Reputation: Assessing the impact of brand recognition and existing reputation on entry success.
IB Entry Modes
- Indirect Exporting: Contracting with a domestic intermediary, such as an Export Management Company or Trading Company, to perform all export functions. Common for newly exporting businesses.
- Direct Exporting: Contracting with intermediaries in the foreign market, such as distributors or agents, to perform downstream value-chain activities in the target market.
- Company-Owned Foreign Subsidiary: Similar to direct exporting, but the exporter owns the foreign intermediation operation. This is the most advanced option for international entry.
- Pro Forma Invoice: Issued upon request, providing details about the price and description of the exporter's product or service.
- Commercial Invoice: An actual demand for payment issued by the exporter upon concluding a sale.
- Bill of Lading: Contract between the exporter and the shipping company, authorizing transportation of goods to the buyer's destination.
- Shipper's Export Declaration: Providing contact information of the exporter and buyer, detailed product description, value, and destination. Used for government statistics.
- Certificate of Origin: Identifying the country of origin for the product, essentially serving as the "birth certificate."
- Insurance Certificate: Protecting exported goods against damage, loss, pilferage, and sometimes delays.
- EXW (Ex Works): Seller's responsibility ends at their premises or designated location.
- CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight): Seller pays for cargo insurance and delivers goods to the destination port. The buyer is responsible for customs clearance and subsequent costs and risks.
- Compensation Deal: Countertrade involving payment in goods and cash.
- Counter Purchase: Two separate contracts: the seller receives cash from the buyer contingent on a second contract where the seller agrees to purchase goods from the buyer.
- Buy-back Agreement: Seller provides technology or equipment and receives payment in the form of goods produced by the facility.
- Manufacturer’s Representative: Contracted by the exporter to represent and sell their products or services in a designated territory.
- Reshoring: Returning a business process or manufacturing facility to the home country.
- Nearshoring: Offshoring or relocating processes or manufacturing to a nearby country, often bordering the home country.
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Establishing a physical presence abroad by acquiring productive assets like capital, technology, labor, land, and equipment.
- International Collaborative Venture: Cross-border business alliance where partners pool resources and share costs and risks.
- Joint Venture (JV): Collaboration between two or more firms to create a jointly owned enterprise.
- Greenfield Investment: Building a new manufacturing, marketing, or administrative facility from scratch, rather than acquiring existing facilities.
- Vertical Integration: Owning or seeking to own multiple stages of the value chain for producing, selling, and delivering a product.
- Horizontal Integration: Owning or seeking to own activities within a single stage of the value chain.
- Turnkey Contracting: Firm designs, finances, organizes, manages, and implements a project abroad, then hands it over to the foreign country after training local personnel.
- Management Contract: Contractor provides managerial expertise to operate a facility such as a hotel or airport in exchange for compensation.
- International Leasing: Leasing machinery or equipment to clients abroad for extended periods.
Government Intervention in International Business
- Protectionism: National economic policies restricting free trade, aiming to raise revenue or protect domestic industries.
- Customs: The point of entry at national ports where officials inspect imported goods and levy tariffs.
- Nontariff Trade Barriers: Government policies or regulations that hinder trade, such as quotas and subsidies.
- Investment Barriers: Rules or laws restricting foreign direct investment.
- Ad Valorem Tariffs: Tariffs assessed as a percentage of the imported product's value.
- Prohibitive Tariff: A tariff so high that it prevents any imports.
- Voluntary Export Restraints: Agreements by firms to limit exports of specific products.
- Local Content Requirements: Manufacturers must include a minimum of locally produced components in their products.
- Rules of Origin Requirements: Specifying a certain proportion of products or supplies used in manufacturing must originate within a specific trade bloc.
- Harmonized Code: A standardized global system for determining tariff amounts.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of international business. This quiz covers the globalization of markets, international trade and investment, and the drivers that promote market globalization. Dive into the world of global economics and assess your understanding of these fundamental principles.
