Internal Social Control: Conscience, Culture, Tradition
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'rational ideology'?

  • A set of beliefs imposed by a government to maintain political control.
  • The external enforcement of social rules by agencies like the police and courts.
  • The process by which individuals reject societal norms and create their own moral codes.
  • The internalization of social rules, leading individuals to believe in and abide by them. (correct)

Positive sanctions, such as praise, are used by agencies of social control to discourage conformity.

False (B)

What is the primary goal of agencies of social control?

to ensure conformity to social rules

The process by which individuals incorporate social rules and values into their own personality is called ______.

<p>socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with the type of social control they represent:

<p>Parents sending a child to bed for misbehaving = Negative sanction A teacher giving a student a gold star for good work = Positive sanction Friends excluding someone for gossiping = Negative sanction A hardworking student earning praise = Positive sanction</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory mentioned, what deters undesired behavior?

<p>Negative sanctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of internal social control?

<p>Adhering to a religious tradition due to personal belief. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two agencies of social control.

<p>Family, peer group, education system, criminal justice system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions exemplifies coercion within the criminal justice system?

<p>The prison service placing a prisoner in solitary confinement for misbehavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive sanctions, such as reduced sentences for assisting the prosecution, are a form of reward used by the justice system to encourage specific behaviors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, what is the primary reason individuals conform to laws and societal norms?

<p>They are controlled by their bonds to society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hirschi, delinquent acts occur when an individual's bond to society is ______ or broken.

<p>weakened</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'fear of punishment' as a means of social control?

<p>An individual refraining from theft due to the potential consequences of imprisonment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following agencies with their primary power within the criminal justice system:

<p>Police = Power to arrest suspects CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) = Power to charge a suspect Judges/Magistrates = Power to sentence Prison Service = Power to detain prisoners</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a negative sanction within the criminal justice system?

<p>Parole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the relationship between coercion and fear of punishment in the context of social control.

<p>Fear of punishment is a form of coercion, as it involves the threat of force if laws are not obeyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects an internal form of social control?

<p>Conforming to societal norms because of one's moral conscience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal social control always involves external pressures from society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which component of the personality is responsible for instilling guilt when societal rules are broken?

<p>superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which individuals internalize the norms and values of their culture is known as ______.

<p>socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the superego, according to psychoanalytic theory, influence behavior?

<p>By suppressing selfish urges and promoting socially acceptable behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates tradition and culture as a form of internal social control?

<p>An individual participates in a cultural celebration because they value their heritage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Freudian concept with its description.

<p>Id = The part of the mind containing the basic drives Ego = The part of the mind that mediates between the id and reality Superego = The part of the personality that acts as a moral conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of social control in a society?

<p>To maintain order and stability by encouraging conformity to norms and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, which factor is LEAST likely to influence an individual's likelihood of conforming to societal norms?

<p>An individual's genetic predisposition towards risk-taking behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key tenet of control theory is that individuals are naturally inclined to follow rules and laws without any form of social control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain how strong attachments, as described by control theory, can reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior.

<p>Strong attachments cause individuals to care about others' opinions, respect norms, and avoid actions that could damage those relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, 'internal containment,' built through effective socialization, provides the self-control to resist the temptation to ________.

<p>offend</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each element of social control theory to its corresponding effect on conformity:

<p>Attachment = Reduces likelihood of deviance due to concern for others' opinions. Commitment = Increases conformity by raising the stakes of losing conventional achievements. Involvement = Decreases opportunities for crime due to time spent in conventional activities. Belief = Promotes law-abiding behavior through the acceptance of societal rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do feminists like Frances Heidensohn use control theory to explain female crime rates?

<p>They suggest that patriarchal societies exert greater control over women, limiting their opportunities for crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how parental supervision functions as a form of 'external containment' according to control theory.

<p>Parental supervision, as external containment, involves monitoring a child's activities, setting rules, and enforcing consequences, thereby discouraging deviant behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social control

Persuading/compelling people to follow society's norms, laws, and expectations.

Internal social control

Controls over behavior stemming from personal values and conscience.

Superego

Part of personality dictating right/wrong, causing guilt.

Id

Selfish, basic urges residing in the unconscious mind.

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Ego

Balances the id and superego with reality.

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Internalised Culture

Our acceptance of values, norms and traditions as part of our identity.

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Traditions

Established social behavior patterns.

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Values

Principles or standards considered worthwhile or desirable.

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Police Powers

Powers to stop, search, arrest, detain, and question suspects.

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CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) Powers

Authority to charge suspects and prosecute them in court.

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Judges' and Magistrates' Powers

Powers to grant bail, remand in custody, and sentence the guilty.

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Prison Service Powers

Detaining prisoners and punishing misbehavior within prison.

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Coercion

Using force or threats to stop someone from doing something.

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Fear of Punishment

Social control achieved through the fear of legal punishments.

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Control Theories Question

Why do people obey the law?

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Hirschi's Control Theory

Conformity is maintained by bonds to society.

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Religious Tradition Conformity

Following religious traditions to affirm identity and community membership.

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Socialization

The process by which society's rules and moral codes become internalized as personal rules.

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Rational Ideology

The idea that internalized social rules guide our sense of right and wrong, influencing our behavior.

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Agencies of Social Control

Organizations or institutions that enforce rules to promote expected behaviors.

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Negative Sanctions

Punishments used by agencies to discourage undesired behavior.

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Positive Sanctions

Rewards used by agencies to encourage desired behavior.

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Behavior Reinforcement

The effect where punishments deter undesired behavior and rewards encourage desirable behavior.

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Criminal Justice System

A system comprising agencies that use formal legal sanctions to enforce laws and maintain social control.

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Attachment

The extent to which we care about others' opinions, leading to conformity.

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Commitment

Dedication to achieving conventional goals like education and a good job. Reduces crime likelihood.

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Involvement

Participation in conventional activities, reducing time/energy for crime.

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Beliefs (in laws)

The degree to which we believe obeying the law is right, reducing the likelihood of breaking it.

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Internal Containment

Internal self-control provides resistance against temptations to offend. Effective socialisation builds this.

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External Containment

Parental discipline provides external control against offending.

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Gender and Control Theory

Patriarchal societies exert greater control over females, reducing their opportunities for crime.

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Attachment and Female Offending

Offending females often lack strong parental attachments due to abuse or being raised in care.

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Study Notes

  • Social control involves persuading people to conform to society's norms, laws, and expectations.

Internal Forms of Social Control

  • Controls over behavior originate from within individuals, reflecting personal values and leading to conformity as it feels right.

Moral Conscience or Superego

  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests conformity arises from the superego, which distinguishes right from wrong and induces guilt for violations.
  • The superego develops through early socialization within the family, functioning as an internalized 'nagging parent'.
  • The superego curbs the id's selfish urges, preventing antisocial and criminal behavior, thereby enabling socially acceptable behavior.

Tradition and Culture

  • Acceptance of cultural values, norms, and traditions through socialization leads to their integration into one's identity.
  • Following religious traditions affirms identity and fosters acceptance within a community.

Internalisation of Social Rules and Morality

  • The superego and traditions become part of personalities, initially external as parental or cultural rules.
  • Socialization internalizes rules from parents or institutions, making societal norms personal.
  • 'Rational ideology' describes internalizing social rules, guiding right and wrong, and facilitating compliance with the law.

External Forms of Social Control

  • Besides internal controls like conscience, society employs external controls via agencies of social control to ensure conformity.

Agencies of Social Control

  • Organizations or institutions enforce rules to regulate behavior, including family, peer groups, and the education system.
  • Negative sanctions (punishments) and positive sanctions (rewards) are used to encourage appropriate behavior, aligning with Skinner's operant learning theory.

The Criminal Justice System

  • The criminal justice system, with agencies like the police and CPS, uses legal sanctions to enforce societal laws.
  • The police can stop, search, arrest, detain, and question suspects.
  • The CPS can charge and prosecute suspects in court.
  • Judges and magistrates can grant bail, remand in custody, and impose sentences.
  • The prison service detains prisoners and punishes misbehavior.
  • Positive sanctions within the justice system include reduced sentences for assisting the prosecution and privileges for good behavior in prison.

Coercion

  • Involves using force or threats for compliance, including physical, psychological violence, or other pressures.
  • Negative criminal justice system sanctions exemplify coercion, preventing reoffending during imprisonment.

Fear of Punishment

  • Fear of punishment is a deterrent, influencing conformity through the threat of force for disobedience.
  • Consequences of offenses include arrest, charges, conviction, and imprisonment.

Control Theory

  • Control theory explores why people obey laws, asserting that social bonds prevent deviance, especially strong bonds.
  • According to Hirschi, an individual's bond to society comprises these four elements:
    • Attachment: Respect for others' opinions reinforces adherence to norms.
    • Commitment: Dedication to conventional goals deters crime involvement due to potential losses.
    • Involvement: Participation in law-abiding activities reduces opportunities for criminal behavior.
    • Beliefs: Internalized belief in obeying the law lowers the likelihood of violations.

Parenting

  • Parenting is crucial in creating bonds that prevent young people from offending.
  • Low self-control, stemming from poor socialization and inconsistent discipline, is considered a major cause of delinquency.
  • Parental involvement, interest in children's activities, and disapproval of criminal behavior are essential.
  • Effective socialization builds 'internal containment', resisting criminal temptations, while parental discipline provides 'external containment'.
  • Patriarchal societies may control females more, decreasing their offending rates.
  • Females who offend often lack parental attachment due to abuse or being raised in care.

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Criminology Forms of Social Control PDF

Description

Explore internal social control mechanisms like moral conscience (superego), tradition, and the internalization of social rules. Understand how these internal factors influence individual behavior and promote conformity to societal norms and values.

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