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Questions and Answers
How many hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites are present in the amino acid serine?
How many hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites are present in the amino acid serine?
Which property explains why the boiling point of methyl fluoride, CH3F, is higher than that of methane, CH4?
Which property explains why the boiling point of methyl fluoride, CH3F, is higher than that of methane, CH4?
Which of the following compounds is expected to be more soluble in CCl4?
Which of the following compounds is expected to be more soluble in CCl4?
What is the primary reason that solutes are soluble in solvents with compatible IMAFs?
What is the primary reason that solutes are soluble in solvents with compatible IMAFs?
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What influence do IMAFs have on the properties of liquids during phase change?
What influence do IMAFs have on the properties of liquids during phase change?
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Study Notes
Intermolecular Attractive Forces (IMAFs)
- IMAFs are forces between molecules.
- They increase in strength in the following order; London Dispersion Forces (LDFs), Dipole-Dipole (DD), Hydrogen Bonding (HB), Ion-Dipole (ID).
- LDFs arise from temporary dipoles formed from electron movement.
- Polarizability is the ease of distortion of an electron cloud.
- Higher polarizability correlates with stronger LDFs. Larger molecules and higher molecular weight often have stronger LDFs.
- DD arises between polar molecules that have a permanent dipole moment; the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.
- HB occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
- The hydrogen atom acts as a hydrogen bond donor while the element it is bonded to acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor.
- ID arises in mixtures of ionic compounds dissolved in polar solvents.
- The positive end of the polar solvent is attracted to the negative ion and vice versa.
London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)
- Occur in all molecules.
- Induced/temporary dipoles due to electron movement in the electron cloud.
- Polarizability relates to electron cloud distortion easiness, influencing LDF strength.
- Stronger LDFs with more polarizable molecules.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions (DD)
- Exist only in polar molecules with permanent dipoles.
- Molecules align so opposite partial charges attract.
Hydrogen Bonding (HB)
- Strong intermolecular force due to hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative elements like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
- HB donor is the hydrogen atom, and the elements are HB acceptors.
- Stronger compared to LDF or DD.
Ion-Dipole Interactions (ID)
- Occurs between ionic and polar substances.
- The more polar the solvent, the stronger the attraction.
Phase Changes
- Condensation is gas changing to liquid.
- Vaporization is liquid changing to gas.
- Freezing is liquid to solid.
- Melting is solid to liquid.
- Sublimation is solids directly to gas and vice versa.
- Deposition
Phase Diagrams
- Show conditions of temperature and pressure where phases exist.
- Water and Carbon Dioxide have different phase diagrams due to different intermolecular forces.
Properties of Liquids
- Viscosity is the resistance to flow.
- Stronger IMAFs result in higher viscosity.
- Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by vapor above the liquid.
- Stronger IMAFs result in lower vapor pressure.
- More volatile liquids have higher vapor pressure.
Solubility
- Like dissolves like.
- Polar solvents dissolve polar or ionic solutes.
- Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
Boiling Point
- Methyl fluoride has a higher boiling point than methane due to its polarity and stronger dipole-dipole interactions.
- Being polar contributes to stronger interactions than the weaker LDF forces in methane.
Number of HB donor and acceptor sites in an amino acid.
- Example, serine.
- HB donor sites in serine = 5
- HB acceptor sites in serine = 6
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Description
Test your understanding of Intermolecular Attractive Forces (IMAFs) in this quiz. Learn about the different types of forces including London Dispersion Forces, Dipole-Dipole interactions, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole interactions. Assess your knowledge on how molecular properties influence these forces.