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Questions and Answers
What is the condition for adhesive forces between two liquids to be more than cohesive forces?
What is the condition for adhesive forces between two liquids to be more than cohesive forces?
- The cohesive forces within each liquid are negligible
- The liquids are partially miscible
- The liquids are completely immiscible
- The interfacial tension between them is zero (correct)
What happens when two liquids are completely miscible?
What happens when two liquids are completely miscible?
- They form a distinct boundary
- They are immiscible
- There is no interfacial tension between them (correct)
- They repel each other
What is the relationship between adhesive forces and cohesive forces when they are in equilibrium?
What is the relationship between adhesive forces and cohesive forces when they are in equilibrium?
- Adhesive forces do not depend on cohesive forces
- Adhesive forces are more than cohesive forces
- Adhesive forces are less than cohesive forces
- Adhesive forces are equal to cohesive forces (correct)
Which of the following is a characteristic of two immiscible liquids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of two immiscible liquids?
What happens when the adhesive forces between two liquids are less than the cohesive forces?
What happens when the adhesive forces between two liquids are less than the cohesive forces?
What happens if a substance is too lipophilic?
What happens if a substance is too lipophilic?
What is the relationship between a substance's lipophilicity and its adsorption?
What is the relationship between a substance's lipophilicity and its adsorption?
What is negative adsorption related to?
What is negative adsorption related to?
What happens if a substance has a balance of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity?
What happens if a substance has a balance of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity?
What is the opposite of negative adsorption?
What is the opposite of negative adsorption?
What happens when a liquid spreads over a surface?
What happens when a liquid spreads over a surface?
What is the extent of surface coverage when a liquid spreads?
What is the extent of surface coverage when a liquid spreads?
What is the primary outcome when a liquid spreads over a substrate?
What is the primary outcome when a liquid spreads over a substrate?
What is a possible consequence of a liquid spreading over a surface?
What is a possible consequence of a liquid spreading over a surface?
What can be said about the surface after a liquid spreads over it?
What can be said about the surface after a liquid spreads over it?
Where does electric neutrality occur when the counterions in the tightly bound, solvated layer equal the positive charge on the solid surface?
Where does electric neutrality occur when the counterions in the tightly bound, solvated layer equal the positive charge on the solid surface?
What is the condition for electric neutrality to occur at plane bb′?
What is the condition for electric neutrality to occur at plane bb′?
What happens when the counterions in the tightly bound, solvated layer do not equal the positive charge on the solid surface?
What happens when the counterions in the tightly bound, solvated layer do not equal the positive charge on the solid surface?
What is the role of the tightly bound, solvated layer in achieving electric neutrality?
What is the role of the tightly bound, solvated layer in achieving electric neutrality?
What is the significance of plane cc′ in the context of electric neutrality?
What is the significance of plane cc′ in the context of electric neutrality?
Why is it necessary to overcome certain forces when resuspending and redispersing particles?
Why is it necessary to overcome certain forces when resuspending and redispersing particles?
What type of forces are responsible for holding particles together?
What type of forces are responsible for holding particles together?
What is the result of not overcoming the forces holding particles together?
What is the result of not overcoming the forces holding particles together?
What is the purpose of overcoming the forces holding particles together?
What is the purpose of overcoming the forces holding particles together?
What is required to redisperse particles?
What is required to redisperse particles?
What is the primary reason why water can wet the glass?
What is the primary reason why water can wet the glass?
What is the shape of the surface of the capillary tube that allows water to rise?
What is the shape of the surface of the capillary tube that allows water to rise?
What is the primary direction of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the primary direction of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the result of adhesive forces being greater than cohesive forces between water molecules?
What is the result of adhesive forces being greater than cohesive forces between water molecules?
What is the reason for the inward force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the reason for the inward force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the relationship between adhesive forces and the shape of the capillary tube?
What is the relationship between adhesive forces and the shape of the capillary tube?
What is the significance of the concave surface in the context of water rising in the capillary tube?
What is the significance of the concave surface in the context of water rising in the capillary tube?
What is the net result of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the net result of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid?
What is the relationship between the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid and the surface tension?
What is the relationship between the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid and the surface tension?
What is the significance of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid in interfacial phenomena?
What is the significance of the force experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid in interfacial phenomena?
What is the primary reason for the formation of micelles in the bulk?
What is the primary reason for the formation of micelles in the bulk?
What happens to the surface of the water as more surface active agent is added?
What happens to the surface of the water as more surface active agent is added?
What is the state of the surface of the water when micelles start forming?
What is the state of the surface of the water when micelles start forming?
What is the consequence of adding more surface active agent to the water beyond the point of saturation?
What is the consequence of adding more surface active agent to the water beyond the point of saturation?
What is the critical point at which micelles start forming in the bulk?
What is the critical point at which micelles start forming in the bulk?
What is the effect of a low concentration of surfactant on the activity of an anthelmintic drug?
What is the effect of a low concentration of surfactant on the activity of an anthelmintic drug?
What is the significance of surfactants in the context of drug activity?
What is the significance of surfactants in the context of drug activity?
What is the relationship between surfactant concentration and anthelmintic drug activity?
What is the relationship between surfactant concentration and anthelmintic drug activity?
What is the primary effect of a low concentration of surfactant on the activity of anthelmintic drugs?
What is the primary effect of a low concentration of surfactant on the activity of anthelmintic drugs?
What is the implication of a low concentration of surfactant on the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment?
What is the implication of a low concentration of surfactant on the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment?
What is typically found in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is typically found in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is the primary composition of the layer tightly bound to the surface?
What is the primary composition of the layer tightly bound to the surface?
What type of ions are typically found in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What type of ions are typically found in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is the characteristic of the solvent molecules in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is the characteristic of the solvent molecules in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is the relationship between the solvent molecules and ions in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What is the relationship between the solvent molecules and ions in the region adjacent to the surface layer?
What happens if a molecule is too hydrophilic?
What happens if a molecule is too hydrophilic?
What is the effect of a molecule's hydrophilicity on its behavior at the interface?
What is the effect of a molecule's hydrophilicity on its behavior at the interface?
What determines whether a molecule exerts an effect at the interface?
What determines whether a molecule exerts an effect at the interface?
What happens when a molecule is not adsorbed at the interface?
What happens when a molecule is not adsorbed at the interface?
What is the result of a molecule being too hydrophilic?
What is the result of a molecule being too hydrophilic?
What is the primary mode of death for cells exposed to cationic quaternary compounds?
What is the primary mode of death for cells exposed to cationic quaternary compounds?
What is the primary function of cationic quaternary compounds?
What is the primary function of cationic quaternary compounds?
What is the likely outcome when a gram-positive organism is exposed to a cationic quaternary compound?
What is the likely outcome when a gram-positive organism is exposed to a cationic quaternary compound?
What is the characteristic of the surface of a particle in relation to electric properties?
What is the characteristic of the surface of a particle in relation to electric properties?
What is the relationship between electric properties and interfacial phenomena?
What is the relationship between electric properties and interfacial phenomena?
What happens to the surface of the substance when some of the cations are adsorbed onto it?
What happens to the surface of the substance when some of the cations are adsorbed onto it?
What is the result of the adsorption of cations onto the surface of the substance?
What is the result of the adsorption of cations onto the surface of the substance?
Why do some of the cations adsorb onto the surface of the substance?
Why do some of the cations adsorb onto the surface of the substance?
What is the effect of the adsorption of cations on the surface properties of the substance?
What is the effect of the adsorption of cations on the surface properties of the substance?
What is the consequence of the adsorption of cations onto the surface of the substance?
What is the consequence of the adsorption of cations onto the surface of the substance?
What is the potential at the solid surface due to the potential-determining ion defined as?
What is the potential at the solid surface due to the potential-determining ion defined as?
What is the significance of the electrothermodynamic potential?
What is the significance of the electrothermodynamic potential?
What is the role of the electroneutral region of the solution?
What is the role of the electroneutral region of the solution?
What is the relationship between the electrothermodynamic potential and the solid surface?
What is the relationship between the electrothermodynamic potential and the solid surface?
What is the condition for the electrothermodynamic potential to be significant?
What is the condition for the electrothermodynamic potential to be significant?
What is a characteristic of flocculated particles?
What is a characteristic of flocculated particles?
What happens when flocculated particles settle?
What happens when flocculated particles settle?
What is a characteristic of the bond between flocculated particles?
What is a characteristic of the bond between flocculated particles?
What can be done to flocculated particles once they have settled?
What can be done to flocculated particles once they have settled?
What is NOT a characteristic of flocculated particles?
What is NOT a characteristic of flocculated particles?
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Study Notes
Adhesive and Cohesive Forces
- Adhesive forces between two liquids are greater than cohesive forces within the liquids
- If two liquids are completely miscible, no interfacial tension exists between them
Interfacial Phenomena
- When a liquid spreads over a surface, it covers all or part of the surface
- Adhesive forces between a liquid and a surface can cause the liquid to rise in a capillary tube with a concave surface (e.g., water and glass)
Surfactants and Interfacial Tension
- Surfactants can affect the activity of a drug, with a low concentration of surfactant potentiating the activity of an anthelmintic drug
- As more surface-active agents are added to water, the surface of the water is covered by molecules of the surface-active agent, leading to micelle formation
Micelle Formation
- Micelles are formed when surface-active agents are added to water, causing them to aggregate and form spherical structures
- Micelle formation occurs when the surface of the water is saturated with surface-active molecules, and any increase in their concentration causes them to form micelles in the bulk
Electrical Properties of Interfaces
- Electric properties of interfaces refer to the charge on the surface of a particle
- The potential at the solid surface is defined as the electrothermodynamic (Nernst) potential, which is the difference in potential between the actual surface and the electroneutral region of the solution
- Flocculated particles are weakly bonded, settle rapidly, do not form a cake, and are easily resuspended
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