أسئلة الـ IC vessels (ريتين ثانية أناتومي)

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Questions and Answers

What is the endpoint of the upper 6 anterior intercostal veins?

They end in the internal thoracic vein.

How do the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins drain?

They form the superior intercostal vein, which drains into the arch of Azygous on the right side and the left brachiocephalic on the left side.

What is the fate of the right 4th to 11th posterior intercostal veins?

They end in the Azygous vein.

Which veins do the lower 3 anterior intercostal veins terminate in?

They end in the vena commitant of the musclophrenic artery. Signup and view all the answers

What drains the left 4th to 8th posterior intercostal veins?

They end in the superior hemiazygous vein. Signup and view all the answers

What veins contribute to the formation of the superior hemiazygous vein?

The left 4th to 8th posterior intercostal veins contribute to the formation of the superior hemiazygous vein. Signup and view all the answers

At which level does the inferior hemiazygous vein cross the midline?

The inferior hemiazygous vein crosses the midline at the level of T8. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the azygous vein originate?

The azygous vein originates from the back of the inferior vena cava at the renal vein level (L2). Signup and view all the answers

Identify two tributaries of the azygous vein.

The right superior intercostal vein and the esophageal veins are tributaries of the azygous vein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the termination point of the inferior hemiazygous vein?

The inferior hemiazygous vein terminates in the azygous vein. Signup and view all the answers

What artery gives rise to the superior epigastric and musclo-phrenic arteries?

The internal thoracic artery. Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the medial side of the breast?

The perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery. Signup and view all the answers

How many anterior intercostal arteries are there in the upper 6 intercostal spaces?

There are 2 anterior intercostal arteries in each of the upper 6 intercostal spaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the lower 3 anterior intercostal arteries?

They arise from the musclo-phrenic artery. Signup and view all the answers

From where do the upper 2 posterior intercostal arteries originate?

They originate from the superior intercostal artery, a branch of the costo-cervical trunk. Signup and view all the answers

What main artery supplies the lower 9 posterior intercostal arteries?

The descending thoracic aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What is the termination point of the internal thoracic artery?

It terminates in the 6th intercostal space. Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries anastomose with the anterior intercostal arteries?

The posterior intercostal arteries and their collateral branches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the beginning point of the superior hemiazygous vein?

It begins as a continuation of the left 4th posterior intercostal vein. Signup and view all the answers

Which veins contribute to the formation of the inferior hemiazygous vein?

The inferior hemiazygous vein forms from the union of the left subcostal and left ascending lumbar veins. Signup and view all the answers

How does the azygous vein enter the thorax?

It enters through the aortic orifice. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary termination point of the azygous vein?

It terminates in the superior vena cava at the level of the sternal angle. Signup and view all the answers

What distinction exists between the drainage of the 1st posterior intercostal vein and the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins?

The 1st posterior intercostal vein drains directly into the corresponding brachiocephalic vein, while the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins form the superior intercostal vein. Signup and view all the answers

How do the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins contribute to venous drainage on the left side?

They end in the left brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the termination of the internal thoracic vein and its significance.

The internal thoracic vein ends in the brachiocephalic vein, which is significant for returning blood from the anterior thoracic wall to the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the drainage of the upper 6 anterior intercostal veins compared to the lower 3?

The upper 6 anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic vein, while the lower 3 anterior intercostal veins terminate in the venae comitantes of the musclophrenic artery. Signup and view all the answers

What structures does the pericardio-phrenic artery specifically supply?

Pleura, pericardium, and diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

How many branches does the posterior intercostal arteries have, and what are their functions?

They have three branches: dorsal branches to the spinal cord and back muscles, muscular branches to surrounding muscles, and right bronchial to the right bronchus. Signup and view all the answers

From which part of the subclavian artery does the internal thoracic artery arise?

It arises from the 1st part of the subclavian artery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the superior epigastric artery in relation to the diaphragm?

It pierces the diaphragm through a minor opening to supply blood to the upper abdominal wall. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the origin of the lower three anterior intercostal arteries.

They originate from the musclo-phrenic artery. Signup and view all the answers

What role do perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery serve?

They supply the medial side of the breast. Signup and view all the answers

In which intercostal spaces do the anterior intercostal arteries originate from the internal thoracic artery?

They originate from the upper 6 intercostal spaces. Signup and view all the answers

How do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries communicate?

They anastomose with each other. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intercostal Vessels

Intercostal vessels are a network of arteries, veins, and nerves that supply the intercostal muscles and spaces between the ribs. They are crucial for the function of the chest cavity.

Internal Thoracic (Mammary) Artery

Originates from the first part of the subclavian artery.
Descend behind the clavicle and superior 6 costal cartilages.
Ends in the 6th intercostal space, providing branches to the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.
Branches of the internal thoracic artery include perforating arteries that supply the medial side of the breast.
Also supplies the pleura, pericardium, and diaphragm via pericardiophrenic arteries.
Upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries branch directly off the internal thoracic artery.
Lower 3 anterior intercostal arteries branch from the musculophrenic artery.
The artery supplies the muscles, pleura, pericardium, and anterior abdominal wall in the upper chest.
Important anastomosis (connection) with posterior intercostal arteries.

Anterior Intercostal Arteries

Two arteries in each of the upper 9 intercostal spaces.
Originate from the internal thoracic artery (upper 6) and musculophrenic artery (lower 3).
Supply blood to the intercostal muscles and tissues of the chest wall.

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

One artery in each of the 11 intercostal spaces.
Upper 2 arteries branch from the superior intercostal artery (part of the costocervical trunk, which arises from the subclavian artery).
Lower 9 arteries arise from the descending thoracic aorta.
They supply the intercostal muscles, spinal cord, surrounding muscles, and back.
Anastomose with anterior intercostal arteries for blood supply.

Intercostal Veins (Anterior)

Lower 3 anterior intercostal veins drain into the companion vein of the musculophrenic artery.
Upper 6 drain into the internal thoracic vein.
The internal thoracic vein empties into the brachiocephalic vein.

Intercostal Veins (Posterior)

1st posterior intercostal vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein.
2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins empty into the superior intercostal vein.
The superior intercostal vein connects to either the right or left brachiocephalic vein, or the arch of the azygos vein.
Right 4th-11th posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein.
Left 4th-8th posterior intercostal veins empty into the superior hemiazygous.
Left 9th-11th posterior intercostal veins drain into the inferior hemiazygous vein.

Superior/Inferior Hemiazygous Veins

These are important in connecting various intercostal veins on the right and left sides of the body.
Draining blood from posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava.

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