Interconversion of States of Matter

Interconversion of States of Matter

Melting and Freezing

• Melting: The process of changing a substance from a solid to a liquid state.
• Freezing: The process of changing a substance from a liquid to a solid state.
• Melting point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
• Freezing point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.

Sublimation and Deposition

• Sublimation: The process of changing a substance from a solid to a gas state without going through the liquid phase.
• Deposition: The process of changing a substance from a gas to a solid state without going through the liquid phase.
• Examples: Dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes to carbon dioxide gas, and water vapor in the air deposits as frost or ice.

Evaporation and Condensation

• Evaporation: The process of changing a substance from a liquid to a gas state.
• Condensation: The process of changing a substance from a gas to a liquid state.
• Examples: Water evaporates from the ocean and condenses into clouds, and water vapor in the air condenses into droplets on a cold surface.

Phase Diagrams

• Phase diagram: A graph that shows the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a substance and its physical state.
• The diagram typically includes three curves: solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas.
• The curves intersect at the triple point, where all three phases coexist.

Latent Heat

• Latent heat: The energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.
• Latent heat of fusion (LHF): The energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid.
• Latent heat of vaporization (LHV): The energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas.
• Units: J/g or kcal/g

Interconversion of States of Matter

Melting and Freezing

• Melting is the process of changing a substance from a solid to a liquid state.
• Freezing is the process of changing a substance from a liquid to a solid state.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
• Freezing point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.

Sublimation and Deposition

• Sublimation is the process of changing a substance from a solid to a gas state without going through the liquid phase.
• Deposition is the process of changing a substance from a gas to a solid state without going through the liquid phase.
• Examples of sublimation and deposition include dry ice (solid CO2) subliming to carbon dioxide gas, and water vapor in the air depositing as frost or ice.

Evaporation and Condensation

• Evaporation is the process of changing a substance from a liquid to a gas state.
• Condensation is the process of changing a substance from a gas to a liquid state.
• Examples of evaporation and condensation include water evaporating from the ocean and condensing into clouds, and water vapor in the air condensing into droplets on a cold surface.

Phase Diagrams

• A phase diagram is a graph that shows the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a substance and its physical state.
• The diagram typically includes three curves: solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas.
• The curves intersect at the triple point, where all three phases coexist.

Latent Heat

• Latent heat is the energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.
• Latent heat of fusion (LHF) is the energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid.
• Latent heat of vaporization (LHV) is the energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas.
• Units of latent heat are J/g or kcal/g.