Interactive Systems and Human Sensory Vision

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Questions and Answers

Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for peripheral vision?

Cones

Ganglion Cells

Retinal Neurons

Rods (correct)

What characteristic distinguishes cones from rods?

Detects motion

More sensitive to light

Located in the peripheral vision

Allows color vision (correct)

Which color is noted as the most visible and signifies calmness?

Yellow

Green (correct)

Red

Blue

What does the law of size constancy refer to?

Perception of size remains stable despite distance Signup and view all the answers

What is visual acuity?

Ability to perceive fine detail Signup and view all the answers

What does saccades refer to in the context of vision?

Jerky movements of the eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor affecting the perception of depth?

Size of objects on the retina Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of optical illusions in interface design?

Users often perceive horizontal lines as longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal font size range for reading legibility according to the content?

9 to 12 points Signup and view all the answers

How does speed reading differentiate between types of reading?

It combines both skimming and scanning techniques Signup and view all the answers

What does negative contrast in visual displays involve?

Light screen with dark characters Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason reading from a computer screen is considered slower than reading from a book?

Computer screens are more distracting Signup and view all the answers

What does perception of images contribute to in the context of reading?

It enhances the meaning derived from text Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in the cochlea?

To convert vibrations into chemical signals for the auditory nerve Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range can the human ear typically hear?

15Hz to 15kHz Signup and view all the answers

Why is sound wave transmission from air to liquid considered poor?

Because sound waves lose energy when transitioning to liquid mediums. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'cocktail party effect' refer to?

The phenomenon of picking out one's name from a crowd. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics of sound is described as 'proportional to sound amplitude'?

Loudness Signup and view all the answers

How does the ear locate sound sources?

Through time differences and intensity reduction in sound waves to each ear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pitch and frequency of sound?

Low frequency results in low pitch. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the use of sound in interface design?

Sound is primarily used for warning signs and notifications. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the central character of interactive systems?

The human user Signup and view all the answers

Which processor is responsible for storing audio and visual outputs?

Perceptual Processor Signup and view all the answers

What type of modeling method is the Model Human Processor based on?

Empirical data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subsystem of the human memory model described?

Motor memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of long-term memory in the human cognitive model?

Learning and retaining information Signup and view all the answers

Which model is NOT mentioned as a cognitive modeling method aside from the Model Human Processor?

Conceptual design Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of working memory was highlighted in the content?

It is a continuous memory. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive processor primarily access?

Working memory and long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mechanoreceptors in the context of touch?

They respond to pressure. Signup and view all the answers

How do rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors function?

They stop responding if pressure is applied continuously. Signup and view all the answers

What does haptic perception primarily provide information about?

The environment around us. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kinesthesis?

The awareness of body position and limb movement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback does tactile feedback offer?

Non-localized responses through the skin. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is touch considered the primary source of information?

When other senses are impaired. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to slowly adapting mechanoreceptors when pressure is applied continuously?

They continue to respond to ongoing pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of kinesthetic receptors in the joints?

They provide balance and spatial awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Human in Interactive Systems

Humans are the central focus in interactive system design.
System design prioritizes user needs.
The Model Human Processor (MHP) by Card, Moran, & Newell (1983) is a cognitive modeling method that helps calculate task completion time. It's based on empirical data from word processing studies in the 70s. Other methods include parallel design, GOMS, and KLM.
MHP includes perceptual, cognitive, and motor processors.

Human Sensory Systems: Vision

The retina contains rods (sensitive to light, dominate peripheral vision) and cones (less sensitive, enable color vision). Green is perceived most easily.
The fovea is the area of sharpest vision.
The blind spot lacks rods and cones.
Ganglion cells detect patterns and movement.
Visual angle is affected by object size and distance. Visual acuity measures the ability to perceive detail.
Size constancy describes the perception of relatively constant object size despite retinal size changes due to distance.
Optical illusions highlight discrepancies between reality and perception. Horizontal lines are often perceived as longer than vertical lines of the same length.
Font size, lettering, and contrast significantly impact readability. Light screen/dark characters (negative contrast) offer higher luminance and legibility.

Human Sensory Systems: Reading and Hearing

Reading involves image and text perception and processing. Legibility is affected by font size (9-12 points ideal). Skimming gathers general information; scanning finds specific facts. Screen reading is slower than reading print.
Sound involves changes in air pressure. The auditory system filters incoming sounds. The "cocktail party effect" describes selectively picking out relevant sounds (like one's name) in a noisy environment.
Sound characteristics include pitch (frequency), loudness (amplitude), and timbre (sound quality). Humans hear frequencies from 15Hz to 15kHz.
Sound is used less frequently in interfaces than visual cues, mostly for warnings and notifications though sound's potential is underutilized.

Human Sensory Systems: Touch

Touch, or haptic perception, provides environmental information, especially important when other senses are impaired.
Tactile feedback is skin-based stimulation. It's not always localized (restricted to a specific area).
Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure. Rapidly adapting receptors react to immediate pressure changes, while slowly adapting receptors respond to sustained pressure.
Kinesthesis is awareness of body and limb position, using receptors in joints and affecting comfort and performance. Examples include virtual reality gaming.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of human-centered interactive system design and the critical role of sensory systems, particularly vision. This quiz covers key concepts such as the Model Human Processor and the structures of the visual system, including rods, cones, and the fovea. Test your knowledge on how these elements influence user experience and interaction.