Interaction Paradigms in HCI

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Questions and Answers

What is a paradigm in the context of interaction?

  • A software development methodology
  • A set of rules for designing user interfaces
  • A type of computer hardware
  • A way of understanding and interpreting the world (correct)

What was the predominant paradigm in the 80's?

  • Developing virtual reality environments
  • Designing agent interfaces
  • Designing user-centered applications for single users on the desktop (correct)
  • Creating multimedia interfaces

What led to a shift in thinking in the mid 90's?

  • The introduction of graphical displays
  • The explosion of the web (correct)
  • The development of microprocessors
  • The rise of ubiquitous computing

What is an example of a paradigm shift in interaction design?

<p>The move from batch processing to time-sharing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is batch processing?

<p>The grouping of processing jobs executed without user interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA?

<p>To channel the power of a single computer to support multiple users (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ubiquitous computing?

<p>A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a microprocessor?

<p>A controlling unit of a micro-computer fabricated on a small chip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was invented in 1962 by Sutherland's Sketchpad?

<p>A device for visualizing and manipulating data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of ubiquitous computing?

<p>The processing of information linked with each activity or object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enabled easy publishing and accessing of information on the World Wide Web?

<p>Simple, universal protocols and mark-up languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the microprocessor invented?

<p>1971 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an embedded microprocessor in a device?

<p>smart speaker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children?

<p>Papert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first commercial windowing system introduced in 1981?

<p>Xerox Star (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a system that allows humans to pursue multiple tasks simultaneously?

<p>Multi-tasking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that relates computing to real-world activities?

<p>Metaphor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a system that removes the bias of a single user and single computer system?

<p>Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Paradigm

A way of understanding the world, a mental map that shapes our interpretations and beliefs.

User-centered Computing

A way of interacting with computers where users are at the center, focusing on ease of use and individual tasks.

Batch Processing

A method for processing computer tasks where multiple jobs are grouped together and executed sequentially without user interaction.

Time-sharing

A technique where a single computer is used to support multiple users concurrently, allowing shared access and resources.

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Networking

A group of interconnected computers that share resources and communicate using common protocols.

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Graphical Displays

A paradigm shift that enabled computers to display and manipulate information visually using graphics.

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Microprocessor

A centralized processing unit of a computer, fabricated on a single chip, capable of performing calculations and communicating with connected devices.

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World Wide Web

A paradigm shift that revolutionized access to information, allowing easy publication and retrieval online using hypertext, protocols, and markup languages.

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Ubiquitous Computing

A paradigm where computers are seamlessly embedded into everyday objects and activities, enabling communication and information processing everywhere.

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Personal Computing

A computing paradigm that emphasizes user-friendliness and accessibility, prioritizing simplicity and power for individuals.

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LOGO Language

A programming language designed by Seymour Papert in the 1970s, enabling children to learn programming using simple graphics.

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Dynabook

A conceptual model of a portable, powerful personal computer, designed by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC.

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Hypertext

A system of linking information in a non-linear way, allowing users to navigate interconnected knowledge.

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Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

A field that explores how technology can facilitate collaboration, focusing on social aspects and group work.

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Electronic Mail

A prominent example of CSCW, enabling communication and collaboration through electronic messages.

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Time-sharing

The initial paradigm shift in the 1960s, where a single computer could serve multiple users simultaneously, allowing resource sharing.

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Microprocessor

The key advancement in the 1970s, enabling the creation of compact, powerful computers for personal use, revolutionizing computing.

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World Wide Web

The paradigm shift that drastically changed how we access and publish information, making the internet accessible to everyone with hypertext.

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Study Notes

What is a Paradigm?

  • A paradigm is a way of seeing something, a point of view, or a frame of preference or belief that influences how we understand and interpret the world.
  • It's like a mental map that helps us make sense of the world.

Paradigms of Interaction

  • The predominant 1980s paradigm was to design user-centered applications for the single user on the desktop.
  • A shift in thinking occurred in the mid-1990s with the explosion of the web, leading to new challenges, questions, and phenomena being considered.

Initial Paradigm Shifts

  • Batch Processing: grouping together of several processing jobs to be executed one after another by a computer without any user interaction.
  • Time-sharing: 1960s, a single computer supporting multiple users.
  • Networking: a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols to share resources.
  • Graphical Displays: 1962, invented by Sutherland's Sketchpad, allowing computers to visualize and manipulate data.
  • Microprocessor: 1971, a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip, capable of performing ALU operations and communicating with other devices.
  • World Wide Web: 1990s, hypertext, simple protocols (e.g., HTTP), and mark-up languages (e.g., HTML) made publishing and accessing easy.

Ubiquitous Computing

  • Ubiquitous computing is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered.
  • It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information.
  • Examples: self-driving cars, smart locks, smart speakers, smartwatches, etc.

Personal Computing

  • 1970s, Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children.
  • A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to use.
  • Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the individual.
  • Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal computer.

Other Key Concepts

  • Hypertext: 1945, Vannevar Bush and the memex, a key to success in managing the explosion of information.
  • Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): removes bias of single user / single computer system, considering social aspects.
  • Electronic mail is the most prominent success of CSCW.

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