18 Questions
What is a paradigm in the context of interaction?
A way of understanding and interpreting the world
What was the predominant paradigm in the 80's?
Designing user-centered applications for single users on the desktop
What led to a shift in thinking in the mid 90's?
The explosion of the web
What is an example of a paradigm shift in interaction design?
The move from batch processing to time-sharing
What is batch processing?
The grouping of processing jobs executed without user interaction
What was the primary goal of J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA?
To channel the power of a single computer to support multiple users
What is ubiquitous computing?
A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities
What is a microprocessor?
A controlling unit of a micro-computer fabricated on a small chip
What was invented in 1962 by Sutherland's Sketchpad?
A device for visualizing and manipulating data
What is the primary characteristic of ubiquitous computing?
The processing of information linked with each activity or object
What enabled easy publishing and accessing of information on the World Wide Web?
Simple, universal protocols and mark-up languages
In what year was the microprocessor invented?
1971
What is an example of an embedded microprocessor in a device?
smart speaker
Who is credited with developing the LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children?
Papert
What was the first commercial windowing system introduced in 1981?
Xerox Star
What is the term for a system that allows humans to pursue multiple tasks simultaneously?
Multi-tasking
What is the concept that relates computing to real-world activities?
Metaphor
What is the term for a system that removes the bias of a single user and single computer system?
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Study Notes
What is a Paradigm?
- A paradigm is a way of seeing something, a point of view, or a frame of preference or belief that influences how we understand and interpret the world.
- It's like a mental map that helps us make sense of the world.
Paradigms of Interaction
- The predominant 1980s paradigm was to design user-centered applications for the single user on the desktop.
- A shift in thinking occurred in the mid-1990s with the explosion of the web, leading to new challenges, questions, and phenomena being considered.
Initial Paradigm Shifts
- Batch Processing: grouping together of several processing jobs to be executed one after another by a computer without any user interaction.
- Time-sharing: 1960s, a single computer supporting multiple users.
- Networking: a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols to share resources.
- Graphical Displays: 1962, invented by Sutherland's Sketchpad, allowing computers to visualize and manipulate data.
- Microprocessor: 1971, a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip, capable of performing ALU operations and communicating with other devices.
- World Wide Web: 1990s, hypertext, simple protocols (e.g., HTTP), and mark-up languages (e.g., HTML) made publishing and accessing easy.
Ubiquitous Computing
- Ubiquitous computing is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered.
- It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information.
- Examples: self-driving cars, smart locks, smart speakers, smartwatches, etc.
Personal Computing
- 1970s, Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children.
- A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to use.
- Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the individual.
- Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal computer.
Other Key Concepts
- Hypertext: 1945, Vannevar Bush and the memex, a key to success in managing the explosion of information.
- Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): removes bias of single user / single computer system, considering social aspects.
- Electronic mail is the most prominent success of CSCW.
Test your understanding of interaction paradigms, including the concept of paradigms, user-centered design, and the evolution of user-computer environments. Learn about the shift in thinking from the 80's to the 90's and the impact of technological advances.
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