Intellectual Property

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Questions and Answers

What are the main forms of protecting intellectual property mentioned in the text?

Reverse Engineering, Noncompete Agreement, Nondisclosure Clause, Cybersquatter

The Copyright gives the exclusive right to distribute, display, perform, or reproduce an original work.

True

Define Patent.

a grant of a property right issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor. It permits its owner to exclude the public from making, using, or selling a protected invention.

Software Patent protects a feature, function, or process embodied in instructions executed on a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

computer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of protecting intellectual property with their descriptions:

Trade Secret = Business information that has economic value and is kept confidential Lanham Act of 1946 = Defines the use of a trademark and the process for obtaining a trademark from the USPTO Signup and view all the answers

What is a Software Defect?

A flaw in the software that could prevent it from meeting user needs Signup and view all the answers

Software Quality refers to the degree to which a software product meets the needs of its users.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is Competitive Intelligence?

Legally obtained information gathered to help a company gain an advantage over rivals. Signup and view all the answers

- Testing treats the software unit as a device with known internal workings.

White-Box Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Dynamic Testing = Entering test data and comparing the results with the expected ones Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO) = An estimate of the probability that an event will occur over a year Social Media = Web-based communication tools enabling people to interact online Cyberstalking = A long-term pattern of unwanted pursuit directed at an individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Gig Economy?

A situation where companies hire independent workers for short-term projects Signup and view all the answers

H-1B Visa is a permanent work visa granted by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Qui Tam Provision?

Allows a private citizen to file a lawsuit in the name of the U.S. government charging fraud by government contractors. Signup and view all the answers

Green Computing is concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT-related products. One tool that enables comparing and selecting electronic products based on environmental criteria is the ____________.

Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Coemployment Relationship = Two employers have legal rights and duties with respect to the same employee or group of employees Outsourcing = Long-term business arrangement where a company contracts for services with an outside organization Offshore Outsourcing = Form of outsourcing where services are provided by employees in a foreign country Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property describes works of the mind that are distinct and owned or created by a single person or group
Includes art, music, books, films, formulas, inventions, and processes

Copyright

Exclusive right to distribute, display, perform, or reproduce an original work in copies, or to prepare derivative works based on the work
Protected through the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998)
Copyright Infringement: violation of the rights secured by the owner of a copyright
Fair Use Doctrine: allows portions of copyrighted materials to be used without permission
Software Copyright Protection: proving infringement requires showing striking resemblance that could be explained only by copying

Patent

Grant of a property right issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor
Permits the owner to exclude the public from making, using, or selling a protected invention
Prevents independent creation as well as copying
The following cannot be patented: abstract ideas, laws of nature, and natural phenomenon
Patent Infringement: unauthorized use of another’s patent

Trade Secrets

Business information that has economic value, is kept confidential, and reasonable efforts are made to maintain secrecy
Protected through the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) and the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016
Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996: imposes penalties for the theft of trade secrets
Nondisclosure Clause: prohibits an employee from revealing company secrets

Trademarks

Protected through the Lanham Act of 1946
Defines the use of a trademark and the process for obtaining a trademark from the USPTO
Outlines penalties associated with trademark infringement
Nominative Fair Use: a defense employed by the defendant in a trademark infringement case
Cybersquatter: an individual or company that registers domain names for famous trademarks or company names to which they have no connection
ICANN’s Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy: designed to provide for fast, relatively inexpensive arbitration of a trademark owner’s complaint that a domain name was registered or used in bad faith### Software Development and Quality
Software Defect: an error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail to meet its users' needs
Software Quality: the degree to which a software product meets the needs of its users
Quality Management: defining, measuring, and refining the quality of products and the development process
Deliverables: products of the development process, such as statements of requirements and flowcharts

Business Information Systems

Business Information System: a set of interrelated components that collects, processes, and disseminates data
Decision Support System (DSS): used to improve decision making
Product Liability: liability of manufacturers, sellers, lessors, and others for injuries caused by defective products
Strict Liability: defendant is held responsible for injury, regardless of negligence or intent
Negligence: failure to do what a reasonable person would do, or doing something that a reasonable person would not do

Testing and Quality Assurance

Black-Box Testing: views the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown
White-Box Testing: treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors and whose internal workings are known
Static Testing: software-testing technique in which software is tested without actually executing the code
Unit Testing: individual components of code (subroutines, modules, and programs) are tested
Integration Testing: software units are combined into an integrated subsystem and tested to ensure the linkages among the various subsystems work
System Testing: various subsystems are combined to test the entire system
User Acceptance Testing: trained end users conduct independent testing

Risk Management and Liability

Risk: the potential of gaining or losing something of value
Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO): an estimate of the probability that an event will occur over the course of a year
Single Loss Expectancy (SLE): the estimated loss that would be incurred if the event happens
Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE): the estimated loss from this risk over the course of a year
Risk Management: the process of identifying, monitoring, and limiting risks to a level that an organization is willing to accept
Residual Risk: the level of risk that remains after managing risk
Acceptance, Avoidance, Mitigation, Redundancy, Transference: risk management strategies

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Artificial Intelligence (AI): an interdisciplinary field that involves philosophical issues such as the nature of the human mind and the ethics of creating objects gifted with human-like intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Systems: the people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning, reasoning, and self-correction
Machine Learning: a type of AI involving computer programs that can learn and improve their performance with experience
Robotics: a branch of engineering involving the development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious/hazardous for humans

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of Intellectual Property, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and its implementation of the WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.