Podcast
Questions and Answers
What remains of cartilage after the epiphyseal plate is converted to the epiphyseal line?
What remains of cartilage after the epiphyseal plate is converted to the epiphyseal line?
- No cartilage remains
- Cartilage in the diaphysis
- Cartilage only on the ends of the bones (correct)
- Cartilage throughout the bone
Which process is NOT associated with bone remodeling?
Which process is NOT associated with bone remodeling?
- Thickening bones that are used frequently
- Releasing calcium
- Repairing tiny cracks in the bone matrix
- Producing heat in the body (correct)
What is the first step in the process of bone healing?
What is the first step in the process of bone healing?
- Osteoblasts convert the soft callus to a hard callus
- Bleeding from damaged blood vessels causes a fracture hematoma (correct)
- Macrophages phagocytize dead cells
- Blood vessels invade the fracture hematoma
What condition is indicated by a low level of calcium in the blood?
What condition is indicated by a low level of calcium in the blood?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?
The knees are ____ to the hips.
The knees are ____ to the hips.
Which of the following parts is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
Which of the following parts is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
Which layer of the skin is made of dense connective tissue and provides strength?
Which layer of the skin is made of dense connective tissue and provides strength?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing melanin?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing melanin?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of adipose tissue for insulation and energy storage?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of adipose tissue for insulation and energy storage?
What secretion is produced by the merocrine/eccrine sweat glands?
What secretion is produced by the merocrine/eccrine sweat glands?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for phagocytizing debris?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for phagocytizing debris?
What structure causes the hair to stand up during physical responses?
What structure causes the hair to stand up during physical responses?
What structure is responsible for sealing the proximal nail fold to the nail plate?
What structure is responsible for sealing the proximal nail fold to the nail plate?
Which protein is primarily responsible for the structure of hair and nails?
Which protein is primarily responsible for the structure of hair and nails?
Which condition is most likely to cause pallor in an individual?
Which condition is most likely to cause pallor in an individual?
Which cells are primarily affected by basal cell carcinoma?
Which cells are primarily affected by basal cell carcinoma?
In which type of burn is the epidermis completely destroyed but can regenerate?
In which type of burn is the epidermis completely destroyed but can regenerate?
Which type of skin cancer is known to be the most dangerous?
Which type of skin cancer is known to be the most dangerous?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?
What happens to bones when there is insufficient calcium in adults?
What happens to bones when there is insufficient calcium in adults?
Which structure transforms connective tissue membranes into bone during intramembranous ossification?
Which structure transforms connective tissue membranes into bone during intramembranous ossification?
Where is yellow bone marrow primarily found in adults?
Where is yellow bone marrow primarily found in adults?
What is the role of collagen in the bone matrix?
What is the role of collagen in the bone matrix?
Which sequence correctly describes endochondral ossification?
Which sequence correctly describes endochondral ossification?
Flashcards
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
A condition where the blood calcium levels are too low.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
A condition where blood calcium levels are too high.
Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
A hormone that increases reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys, ultimately raising blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin
Calcitonin
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Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia
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Distal
Distal
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Superficial
Superficial
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Integumentary System
Integumentary System
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Dermis
Dermis
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Hypodermis
Hypodermis
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Melanocytes
Melanocytes
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Merocrine Sweat Gland
Merocrine Sweat Gland
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Eponychium
Eponychium
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Nail plate
Nail plate
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Hair bulb
Hair bulb
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Keratin
Keratin
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Pallor
Pallor
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Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Malignant melanoma
Malignant melanoma
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Second-degree burn
Second-degree burn
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Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification
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Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification
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Medullary cavity
Medullary cavity
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Periosteum
Periosteum
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Yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The skin is superficial to the muscles.
- The knees are distal to the hips, not superficial, deep, or medial
- The integumentary system regulates body temperature through several mechanisms, including: hair insulation to retain heat, sweating to cool the body, and vasoconstriction to conserve heat via reduced blood flow to the skin. Muscle contractions also generate heat.
- The integumentary system includes skin, hair, oil glands, and toenails. Gastric glands are not part of the integumentary system.
- Structure A in the image is the epidermis.
- Structure E in the image is a sebaceous gland.
- The dermis, specifically the reticular layer, is made of dense connective tissue providing strength.
- The hypodermis is composed of adipose tissue, providing protection, insulation, and energy storage.
- Melanocytes are responsible for melanin production in the epidermis.
- Dendritic cells in the epidermis phagocytize debris and trigger immune responses.
- Merocrine/eccrine sweat glands secrete watery sweat.
- Hair stands up due to the contraction of the piloerector muscle, not the hair receptor.
- The eponychium seals the nail matrix to the nail plate, protecting the nail matrix.
- Keratin is the protein that forms hair and nails.
- Pallor is most likely caused by shock, not embarrassment, or warm temperatures, or more blood flow, or excess bilirubin.
- Basal cell carcinoma affects the dividing cells of the stratum basale.
- Second-degree burns destroy the epidermis completely and the dermis partially. Burns can regenerate from the underlying hair follicles/glands of the dermis.
- Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous skin cancer type.
- The skeletal system's functions include producing blood cells, protecting organs, providing levers for movement, and storing calcium, but not producing vitamin D.
Skeletal System
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Structure G in the image is compact bone.
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Structure C in the image is the diaphysis (the shaft).
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Yellow bone marrow is typically found in the long bones of adults.
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The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum provides a protective covering around the bone.
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Yellow bone marrow stores fat.
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Collagen in the bone matrix provides flexibility.
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Insufficient calcium in adults results in osteoporosis.
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Intramembranous ossification involves the hardening of connective tissue membranes into bone by osteoblasts (not osteoclasts).
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Endochondral ossification, in order:
- A cartilage model of the bone forms.
- Blood vessels and cells invade the space to form the primary ossification center.
- The perichondrium around the model becomes periosteum.
- Osteoblasts create a collar of compact bone around the diaphysis.
- Chondrocytes in the diaphysis die.
- Osteoclasts remove the cartilage while osteoblasts create more bone.
- A secondary ossification center forms in the epiphysis.
- The bone grows in length and width.
- The epiphyseal plate converts to the epiphyseal line, with cartilage remaining only at the ends of the bones.
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Bone remodeling occurs to release calcium, repair cracks, thicken frequently used bones, and thin infrequently used bones, but not to produce heat.
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Bone healing stages:
- Bleeding causes a fracture hematoma.
- Blood vessels and cells invade the hematoma.
- Macrophages phagocytize dead cells.
- Fibroblasts and chondroblasts produce the soft callus.
- Osteoblasts convert the soft callus to a hard callus.
- Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone.
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A low level of calcium in the blood is called hypocalcemia.
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Calcitriol (vitamin D) increases calcium reabsorption from the kidneys.
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A defective fibroblast growth factor receptor leads to achondroplasia.
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A high level of calcium in the blood is called hypercalcemia.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, including its structure, functions, and components. This quiz covers aspects such as skin layers, glands, and the role of various cells in maintaining skin health. Perfect for students studying anatomy or biology.
