Integumentary System Overview
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Integumentary System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total body weight does the skin constitute?

  • 20%
  • 16% (correct)
  • 24%
  • 12%
  • Which layer of the skin serves primarily as a waterproofing barrier?

  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Dermis
  • Epidermis (correct)
  • Hypodermis
  • What is the primary function of the hypodermis?

  • Attach the skin to underlying structures (correct)
  • Synthesize vitamin D
  • Provide sensation for touch
  • Store melanin
  • What type of epithelium constitutes the epidermis?

    <p>Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

    <p>Regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the tactile sensation in the skin?

    <p>Dermal papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can skin be classified based on the thickness of the epidermis?

    <p>Thick and thin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do epidermal ridges play on the fingers and toes?

    <p>Increase traction and grip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is NOT found in thin skin?

    <p>Stratum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness range of the epidermis in thick skin?

    <p>400-600 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the epidermis?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>Regenerate the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key structural feature of keratin that contributes to its strength?

    <p>Disulfide bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the stratum basale?

    <p>It is the deepest layer and mitotically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is present in thick skin but absent in thin skin?

    <p>Stratum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes primarily regenerate?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary types of keratin produced by the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>Keratin 5 and Keratin 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for the barrier function of the stratum corneum?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for cell renewal?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure facilitates adhesion between keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the cells of the stratum corneum?

    <p>They are flattened and nonnucleated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the membrane-coating granules found in keratinocytes?

    <p>Water impermeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells make intercellular bridges in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>Prickle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is also known as the Malpighian layer?

    <p>Stratum basale and Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation product is found in the cells of the stratum lucidum?

    <p>Eleidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which junctions are formed between the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum?

    <p>Desmosomes and tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the skin?

    <p>To act as antigen-presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the stratum lucidum prominently found?

    <p>In the palmar and plantar skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is NOT found in the contents of the lamellar bodies?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about stratum granulosum keratinocytes is correct?

    <p>They accumulate keratohyalin granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the basement membrane is in closest proximity to the epidermis?

    <p>Lamina lucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature is indicative of Merkel cells?

    <p>Presence of desmosomes and keratin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural feature of the cells in the stratum corneum?

    <p>Flattened, polygonal shape filled with keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the cells of the stratum granulosum in terms of their functionality?

    <p>They begin to lose their nuclei and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of dermal papillae in the skin?

    <p>To interdigitate with epidermal ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are keratin filaments aggregated in the cells of the stratum granulosum?

    <p>By trichohyalin and filaggrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collagen is predominantly found in the dermis?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of receptors are formed by the interaction of afferent nerve terminals with Merkel cells?

    <p>Merkel discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as an anchoring point between the epidermis and dermis?

    <p>The basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue primarily composes the dermis?

    <p>Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system consists of skin and its derivatives: sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair, and nails.
    • The skin is the largest and heaviest organ, covering approximately 1.2-2.3 m2 and accounting for about 16% of body weight.
    • The skin protects against injury, dehydration, and infection.
    • Skin regulates body temperature, absorbs UV radiation for vitamin D synthesis, and contains receptors for touch, temperature, and pain.

    Skin Layers

    • The skin has two main layers: the epidermis (ectodermal origin) and the dermis (mesodermal origin).
    • The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that provides waterproofing and acts as a barrier to infection.
    • The dermis is a dense fibrous connective tissue that houses the skin's appendages.
    • The hypodermis, a sheath of tissue between the skin and deeper structures, is not part of the skin but attaches it to underlying bone and muscle, supplying blood vessels and nerves. It is rich in adipose tissue.

    Epidermal Ridges and Dermal Ridges

    • The epidermis and dermis interdigitate through the formation of epidermal ridges and dermal ridges (dermal papillae).
    • Epidermal ridges, visible as fingerprints, are located where the epidermis overlies the dermal ridges.

    Thick Skin vs. Thin Skin

    • Thick skin is found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
      • It has an epidermis 400-600 µm thick with five well-defined layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
      • Thick skin contains sweat glands but lacks hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles.
    • Thin skin covers the rest of the body.
      • Its epidermis is 75-150 µm thick and has three layers.
      • The stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum are absent, but similar cells exist.
      • Thin skin contains sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles.

    Epidermal Cell Types

    • The epidermis consists of four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
    • Keratinocytes make up approximately 95% of the epidermis and are responsible for regenerating the skin every 30 days via mitosis.
      • They produce keratin, the key structural protein in skin, hair, and nails.
      • Keratin monomers form filament bundles, further organized into intermediate filaments, held together by hydrogen bonds.
      • Keratin's high cysteine content enables disulfide bridges, adding strength and rigidity.
    • Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment that provides skin color and protects against UV radiation. Melanocytes reside in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.
    • Langerhans cells, derived from bone marrow, are located mainly in the stratum spinosum and function as antigen-presenting cells in the immune system.
      • These cells phagocytose antigens and express CD1 and MHC I and II receptors.
    • Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale and are believed to be of epithelial origin. They function as mechanoreceptors (touch receptors).

    Epidermal Layers

    • Stratum basale: The deepest layer of the epidermis. It comprises mitotically active, cuboidal to columnar keratinocytes, responsible for cell renewal.

      • Keratinocytes are held to the basal lamina (basement membrane) by hemidesmosomes and to each other via desmosomes.
      • This layer contains melanocytes and Merkel cells.
      • Keratinocytes produce keratin 5 and 14.
    • Stratum spinosum: This layer is composed of polyhedral keratinocytes (prickle cells) with numerous processes (intercellular bridges) that form desmosomes.

      • Cells in the deeper layer of this stratum also display mitotic activity.
      • This layer and the stratum basale constitute the malpighian layer.
      • Keratinocytes produce keratin 1 and 10.
      • It contains membrane-coating granules (Odland bodies, lamellar bodies) that release lipids, enzymes, and proteins into intercellular spaces, contributing to the stratum corneum's barrier function.
    • Stratum granulosum: This layer is formed by migrating cells of the stratum spinosum.

      • It consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, the most superficial layer with nuclei.
      • Cells contact each other through desmosomes and tight junctions.
      • Keratinocytes accumulate keratohyalin granules, which destroy nuclei and organelles, and contain filaggrin and trichohyalin that crosslink keratin filaments.
    • Stratum lucidum: This layer is found only in thick skin and lies between the stratum granulosum and corneum.

      • It contains keratin filaments and eleidin, a transformation product of keratohyalin.
    • Stratum corneum: The outermost layer of the epidermis, it consists of 15-20 layers of flattened, nonnucleated dead cells (hulls) filled with keratin, called squames.

      • This layer is continuously shed through desquamation.

    The Basement Membrane

    • The basement membrane is a thin sheet of fibers that separates the epidermis from the dermis.
      • It is produced by both tissues and anchors the epidermis to the dermis.
      • The basal lamina layer is divided into two layers: lamina lucida and lamina densa.
      • The basement membrane controls the traffic of cells and molecules between the dermis and epidermis.

    Dermis

    • The dermis lies under the epidermis and is derived from the mesoderm.
      • It consists of dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue with mostly type I collagen and numerous elastic fibers.

    Dermis Layers

    • The dermis has two layers: papillary and reticular.
    • Papillary layer: The superficial layer, it forms dermal papillae (dermal ridges) that interdigitate with the epidermal ridges.
      • This layer is composed of thin, loosely arranged fibers and cells.
      • It contains capillary loops that nourish the epidermis and Meissner corpuscles (fine-touch receptors).
    • Reticular layer: This deeper and more extensive layer constitutes the majority of the dermis.
      • It is the location for sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles.

    Function of Epidermal Ridges

    • The raised strips of epidermis on the palms and soles, known as epidermal ridges, increase friction.
    • This friction enhances traction for the feet and improves grip ability for the hands.

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