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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the stratum germinativum layer?
What is the primary function of the stratum germinativum layer?
Which layer of the epidermis contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes and initiates keratin synthesis?
Which layer of the epidermis contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes and initiates keratin synthesis?
What is a distinctive feature of the stratum lucidum?
What is a distinctive feature of the stratum lucidum?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response within the stratum spinosum?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response within the stratum spinosum?
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What contributes significantly to the waterproof nature of the skin?
What contributes significantly to the waterproof nature of the skin?
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Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of keratinocytes?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of keratinocytes?
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What is one of the main functions of the integumentary system?
What is one of the main functions of the integumentary system?
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The dermis is primarily made up of which type of tissue?
The dermis is primarily made up of which type of tissue?
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How many layers does thick skin contain?
How many layers does thick skin contain?
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What is the primary role of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary role of melanin in the skin?
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Which accessory structure is not part of the integumentary system?
Which accessory structure is not part of the integumentary system?
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What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the hypodermis?
What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the hypodermis?
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What is a major characteristic of the epidermis?
What is a major characteristic of the epidermis?
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What function does sebum primarily serve?
What function does sebum primarily serve?
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What is the primary component of nails?
What is the primary component of nails?
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What happens to sweat glands with age?
What happens to sweat glands with age?
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What is the significance of lines of cleavage in skin incisions?
What is the significance of lines of cleavage in skin incisions?
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What characterizes vitiligo?
What characterizes vitiligo?
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Which of the following is true regarding albinism?
Which of the following is true regarding albinism?
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What happens to melanin production in hair follicles with age?
What happens to melanin production in hair follicles with age?
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What is the result of decreased blood flow in the skin with aging?
What is the result of decreased blood flow in the skin with aging?
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What is the most common form of skin cancer?
What is the most common form of skin cancer?
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Which type of burn only damages the epidermis?
Which type of burn only damages the epidermis?
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What does the 'C' in the ABCDE acronym for mole assessment stand for?
What does the 'C' in the ABCDE acronym for mole assessment stand for?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
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Which stage of burn requires medical intervention?
Which stage of burn requires medical intervention?
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How does the skin color vary in relation to blood circulation?
How does the skin color vary in relation to blood circulation?
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What type of skin wound allows for healing from the bottom up?
What type of skin wound allows for healing from the bottom up?
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Which layer of the dermis contains loose areolar connective tissue and sensory neurons?
Which layer of the dermis contains loose areolar connective tissue and sensory neurons?
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Which factor does not influence the survival rate of melanoma?
Which factor does not influence the survival rate of melanoma?
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What is typically the first step in treating an advanced case of melanoma?
What is typically the first step in treating an advanced case of melanoma?
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What component of hair is found in the hair bulb?
What component of hair is found in the hair bulb?
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Which stage of a skin wound signifies that the skin surface remains intact?
Which stage of a skin wound signifies that the skin surface remains intact?
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What happens to melanosomes in individuals with darker skin compared to those with lighter skin?
What happens to melanosomes in individuals with darker skin compared to those with lighter skin?
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During cold environments, what physiological response occurs in the skin?
During cold environments, what physiological response occurs in the skin?
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Which statements are true regarding carotene?
Which statements are true regarding carotene?
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What characterizes deep frostbite?
What characterizes deep frostbite?
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What is the main function of eccrine sweat glands?
What is the main function of eccrine sweat glands?
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During which phase of hair growth does the follicle experience active growth and rapid cell division?
During which phase of hair growth does the follicle experience active growth and rapid cell division?
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Which type of sweat gland secretes a thicker, cloudier fluid and is influenced by hormonal changes?
Which type of sweat gland secretes a thicker, cloudier fluid and is influenced by hormonal changes?
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What best describes the secretion of sebaceous glands?
What best describes the secretion of sebaceous glands?
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What occurs during the telogen phase of hair growth?
What occurs during the telogen phase of hair growth?
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Which component is predominantly found in eccrine sweat suggesting its role in protection?
Which component is predominantly found in eccrine sweat suggesting its role in protection?
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How does the apocrine gland secretion differ from eccrine glands?
How does the apocrine gland secretion differ from eccrine glands?
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What phase immediately follows the catagen phase in hair growth?
What phase immediately follows the catagen phase in hair growth?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- The integumentary system comprises the skin and its accessory structures.
- The cutaneous membrane is the largest organ in the body.
- It includes the epidermis and dermis layers.
Accessory Structures
- Hair: Made of keratinized cells, originates in hair follicles.
- Nails: Densely packed keratinocytes, form at tips of fingers and toes.
- Exocrine glands (sweat and oil glands): Produce secretions crucial for functions like thermoregulation.
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protection: From trauma, chemicals, pathogens, and fluid loss. Melanin and keratin contribute.
- Excretion: Removal of waste products through sweat.
- Lubrication: Sebum (oil gland secretion) lubricates skin, maintaining flexibility.
- Body Temperature Regulation: Vasodilation and vasoconstriction regulate heat loss or retention. Sweating is important.
- Vitamin D Synthesis: Exposure to UV light facilitates vitamin D production.
- Lipid Storage: The hypodermis stores energy reserves.
- Sensation: Touch and pressure receptors for sensory input.
Skin Anatomy
- Epidermis: Outermost layer, composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
- Dermis: Inner layer, consists of dense irregular connective tissue, containing nerves, blood, lymph vessels, glands etc.
- Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer): Lies Below dermis, is loose areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. Connects skin to underlying fascia.
Epidermis Layers (deep to superficial)
- Stratum Germinativum (Basale): Single layer of basal cells, precursor cells for keratinocytes, Merkel cells, and melanocytes.
- Stratum Spinosum: Several layers of keratinocytes, keratin synthesis begins here
- Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, producing keratin and keratohyalin, cells flatten and die.
- Stratum Lucidum: Present only in thick skin, translucent layer of flattened, dead keratinocytes.
- Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer, many layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes, filled with keratin.
Skin Pigmentation
- Melanin: Produced by melanocytes, packaged into melanosomes, and transferred to keratinocytes. Protects against UV damage.
- Carotene: Orange/yellow pigment, can be converted to vitamin A.
- Hemoglobin: Affects skin color due to blood oxygenation levels.
Skin Cancer Types
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common, rarely metastasizes.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Second most common, potentially metastasizes.
- Melanoma: Least common, most dangerous, metastasizes readily.
Skin Wounds & Burns
- Closed Wounds: Skin surface remains intact but underlying tissues are damaged (e.g., bruises).
- Open Wounds: Skin is split, and deeper tissues are exposed (e.g., cuts). Wound healing follows one of three pathways; primary, secondary or tertiary intention.
- Burns: Tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. First, second, and third degree describe the depth and extent of damage.
Lines of Cleavage
- Topographical lines in the skin that reflect the orientation of underlying collagen and elastin fibers. Incisions parallel to cleavage lines tend to heal better.
Aging Changes
- The integumentary system shows changes with age, including fewer melanocytes, thinner dermis, and reduced activity of sweat glands.
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Description
This quiz covers the integumentary system, focusing on its structure, accessory structures like hair and nails, and essential functions such as protection and temperature regulation. Test your knowledge on how the skin and its components work together to maintain the body's health.
