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Questions and Answers
Which type of cell is NOT found in the stratum basale?
Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for the production of keratin?
What is the main characteristic of the stratum lucidum?
Which protein is primarily associated with the stratum granulosum for binding and crosslinking keratin filaments?
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What is the primary function of the dermal papillae in the papillary dermis?
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What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the skin is primarily avascular?
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What role do Meissner's corpuscles play in the integumentary system?
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Which type of skin contains five layers of cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
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What type of cell is primarily responsible for the immune response in the skin?
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What is the function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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Which of the following cells is involved in the detection of touch sensations?
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What type of skin cancer is most common in the US?
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Which type of skin cancer is known to be the most fatal?
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What is a common causative factor of decubitus ulcers?
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What treatment is most commonly used for squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which condition is primarily a cosmetic issue with no adverse health effects?
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What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
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What type of connective tissue primarily composes the reticular layer of the dermis?
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What causes hair to turn gray or white as a person ages?
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Which type of sweat gland is primarily responsible for thermoregulatory sweating?
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Which pigment is most effective at protecting skin from UV damage?
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What is the visible portion of the nail that rests on the nail bed called?
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Which statement accurately describes the hypodermis?
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What is a characteristic feature of apocrine glands?
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What causes a person with light skin to have a pinkish undertone?
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Which component is NOT typically found in the hypotonic sweat produced by eccrine glands?
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What component of hair is considered the outermost layer?
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Which part of the nail anchors it and overlaps the sides?
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What is a potential consequence of excessive sun exposure?
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Where do hair follicles originate?
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What substance is NOT a result of secretion from sweat glands?
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What is the main function of melanin in the skin?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- Comprises skin (16% of body weight, 1.5 m²) and accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands.
- Functions: protection, regulation of body temperature, blood storage, cutaneous sensation, excretion, absorption, and vitamin D synthesis.
Skin Layers
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Epidermis:
- Avascular, stratified squamous, keratinizing.
- Contains four principal cell types: keratinocytes (90%), melanocytes (8%), Langerhans, and Merkel cells.
- Features five layers in thick skin (BS GLC) and four in thin skin.
-
Dermis:
- Connective tissue layer with two parts: papillary (loose areolar) and reticular (dense irregular).
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.
-
Hypodermis:
- Not a true skin layer, consists of subcutaneous tissue with areolar and adipose tissue.
Epidermal Layers
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Stratum Basale:
- Germinating layer with cuboidal/columnar cells; highly mitotic.
-
Stratum Spinosum:
- Spiny layer with keratin synthesis starting; contains Langerhans cells.
-
Stratum Granulosum:
- Flattened keratinocytes producing keratohyalin granules and water-resistant lamellar granules.
-
Stratum Lucidum:
- Present only in thick skin; composed of dead, flattened cells.
-
Stratum Corneum:
- Outermost layer with 25-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes; periodically shed.
Skin Pigments
-
Melanin:
- Brown pigment produced by melanocytes; protects DNA from UV damage.
- Two forms: eumelanin (black/brown) and pheomelanin (yellow/red).
-
Carotene:
- Yellow to orange pigment; precursor of vitamin A found in certain foods.
-
Hemoglobin:
- Contributes to skin's pink undertone based on blood oxygen levels.
Accessory Structures
-
Hair:
- Composed of dead keratinized cells; grows ~0.3 mm/day.
- Hair color is influenced by melanin type; aging leads to gray/white hair.
-
Nails:
- Tightly packed keratinized cells, visible as nail body, anchored by nail folds.
-
Sebaceous Glands:
- Produce sebum for lubrication and antibacterial properties; stimulated by hormones.
-
Sweat Glands:
- Two types: eccrine (for thermoregulation) and apocrine (associated with hair and produce odorous sweat).
Skin Disorders
-
Skin Cancer:
- Abnormal cell growth due to UV exposure.
- Types:
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common; found on head, neck, arms.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: More aggressive, commonly affects scalp and ears.
- Melanoma: Affects melanocytes, highly metastatic, most fatal.
-
Bedsores (Decubitus Ulcers):
- Caused by prolonged pressure on bony areas; particularly in bedridden patients.
-
Stretch Marks:
- Result from dermal stretching beyond elasticity limits; cosmetic issue.
-
Calluses:
- Formed by constant friction; thickened skin providing protective barrier.
Aging and Skin Changes
- Aging results in decreased melanin production, skin elasticity, and moisture retention, leading to wrinkles and increased skin fragility.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, including the layers of the skin and their functions. Explore the accessory structures, common diseases, and the effects of aging on the skin. This quiz will also cover various disorders and injuries associated with the integumentary system.
