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The integument is made up of the cutaneous membrane and the ______ structures.
accessory
The epidermis consists of an outer layer made up of epithelial tissues and an inner ______ composed of connective tissues.
dermis
Skin color depends on pigments such as carotene and ______.
melanin
The functions of skin include protection, excretion, and ______ of lipids.
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The outermost layer of the skin is called the ______.
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The subcutaneous layer is referred to as the superficial fascia or ______.
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Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells found in the ______.
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The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are covered with ______ skin.
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The subcutaneous layer is the site of subcutaneous injections using ______ needles.
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Deposits of subcutaneous fat are the subject of cosmetic ______ procedures.
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The integumentary accessory structures include hair, hair follicles, sebaceous and ______ glands.
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The base of each hair follicle is surrounded by sensory nerves called the ______ plexus.
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Involuntary smooth muscles called ______ pili cause hairs to stand on end.
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Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which lubricates and protects the ______.
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Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpits, around the nipples and ______.
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Merocrine sweat glands are widely distributed over the body surface, especially on the palms and ______.
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Merocrine sweat is mostly composed of water with some salts and other organic ______.
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Nails are composed of dead cells packed with ______.
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The first step in the regeneration of localized skin injuries involves the occurrence of ______.
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Scar tissue is a fibrous repair produced by ______ during the healing process.
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The 'rule of nines' is a method used to estimate the percentage of integument damaged by ______.
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Carotene can be converted to ______.
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Melanin is produced by ______.
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Capillaries in the skin carry ______ blood.
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When blood vessels dilate from heat, skin turns ______.
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The outer layer of the dermis is called the ______ layer.
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The deeper layer of the dermis is known as the ______ layer.
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The subcutaneous layer is also referred to as the ______.
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Several diseases can produce changes in skin ______.
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- The integumentary system is the largest bodily system, constituting approximately 16% of body weight and covering 1.5 to 2 square meters in area.
- Comprises two main components: the cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures.
Cutaneous Membrane
- Consists of the outer epidermis (epithelial tissue) and inner dermis (connective tissue).
- The epidermis has either thin skin (4 layers of keratinocytes) or thick skin (5 layers, found on palms and soles).
Accessory Structures
- Includes hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands, originating in the dermis and extending to the epidermis.
Subcutaneous Layer
- Known as hypodermis or superficial fascia, it stabilizes the skin but allows mobility and is not officially part of the integument.
- Contains loose connective tissue and is a common site for hypodermic injections.
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Provides protection against abrasion, fluid loss, and infection.
- Facilitates excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes.
- Maintains body temperature through insulation and sweat evaporation.
- Synthesizes vitamin D and stores lipids.
- Sensory detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Epidermis
- Dominated by keratinocytes, which produce keratin.
- Skin color is influenced by carotene (orange-yellow pigment) and melanin (yellow-brown/black pigment produced by melanocytes).
- Melanin production rate determines skin color, providing UV protection.
Dermis
- Split into the papillary layer (areolar tissue, containing capillaries and sensory neurons) and the reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and collagen).
- Contains dermal papillae, which enhance grip and sensitivity.
Subcutaneous Layer Details
- Stabilizes skin position with elastic areolar and adipose tissues.
- Few capillaries make it suitable for injection sites and accumulation of fat may lead to cosmetic procedures like liposuction.
Accessory Structures Overview
- Hair covers most of the body, providing insulation and protection, sensitive to light touch.
- Hair follicles are surrounded by sensory nerves and contain sebaceous glands for lubrication.
Glands in the Skin
- Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum, which moisturizes the skin and inhibits bacterial growth.
- Sweat glands are of two types:
- Apocrine glands located in specific areas (armpits, groin).
- Merocrine (eccrine) glands found throughout the body, especially in palms and soles, producing sensible perspiration.
Nails
- Composed of dead, keratin-packed cells, produced in the nail root.
Response to Skin Injury
- Skin repairs rapidly due to active germinative cells, involving four steps:
- Step 1: Bleeding triggers mast cell-mediated inflammation.
- Step 2: Blood clot forms a scab; germinative cells and macrophages respond.
- Step 3: Fibroblasts replace damaged tissue with scar tissue.
- Step 4: Fibroblasts strengthen the area, potentially resulting in keloid formation.
Burns
- The "rule of nines" estimates the percentage of body surface area affected by burns, dividing the body into sections that account for multiples of nine.
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Description
Dive into the integumentary system, the largest system of the body, comprising skin, hair, and nails. This quiz covers the structural features of the skin, mechanisms of hair and nail formation, and the skin's response to injury. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.
