Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the dermal papillae in the skin?

  • They are responsible for producing collagen fibers.
  • They contain encapsulated touch receptors called Meissner’s corpuscles. (correct)
  • They primarily provide structural support to the epidermis.
  • They regulate skin pigmentation.

    • How does the thickness of the papillary layer differ between thin and thick skin?

  • The papillary layer is absent in thick skin.
  • The papillary layer is thicker in thin skin.
  • The papillary layer remains the same in both types of skin.
  • The papillary layer is smaller and fewer in thin skin. (correct)

    • What are Langer’s lines associated with?

  • Distribution of nerve endings in the skin.
  • Alignment of elastic fibers in the outer epidermis.
  • Natural orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer. (correct)
  • Orientation of blood vessels in the dermis.

    • What type of connective tissue predominates in the reticular layer of the dermis?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of making skin incisions parallel to Langer’s lines?

    <p>It leads to faster healing with minimal scarring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Produce sebum for skin lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sweat gland is most abundant in thick skin?

    <p>Eccrine sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion is produced by eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Clear and watery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?

    <p>Axilla and pubic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the secretory portion of apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Columnar or cuboidal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which physiological period does sebaceous gland activity increase?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the secretion from apocrine sweat glands acquire its distinctive odor?

    <p>Due to bacterial degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of secretion for both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Merocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material that makes up the hair shaft?

    <p>Keratin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the hair is the outermost one?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the external root sheath to the stratum basale?

    <p>Internal root sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many concentric zones are identified in the structure of the hair shaft?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of Henle’s layer in the internal root sheath?

    <p>Flattened or cuboidal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the hair provides a hard, shingle-like outer covering?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells give color to the hair?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located closest to the hair shaft?

    <p>Internal root sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>Synthesizing keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the skin is the stratum lucidum found?

    <p>Thick skin only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the cells in the stratum corneum?

    <p>They are closely packed, flattened dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the synthesis of melanin?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for the stratum corneum to regenerate in healthy skin?

    <p>45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis does NOT have visible nuclei in its cells?

    <p>Stratum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epidermal turnover rate in diseases like psoriasis?

    <p>It becomes faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are melanocytes located in the epidermis?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>To cool the body temperature through sweat evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes apocrine sweat glands from eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Apocrine glands respond to emotional and sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of cystic fibrosis related to sweat glands?

    <p>Increased Cl- concentrations in sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hair follicle is responsible for hair production?

    <p>Germinal matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect hair growth in both males and females?

    <p>Receding hairline due to lack of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the hair follicle connects it to the dermis?

    <p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visible part of the hair that protrudes from the skin called?

    <p>Shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes alopecia areata?

    <p>Hair loss in localized areas of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of nails?

    <p>Hard keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the hair follicle is directly involved in the growth of hair?

    <p>Hair papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is referred to as the 'lunula' in nails?

    <p>The whitish opaque region of the proximal nail body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?

    <p>Stratum reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells predominates in the epidermis?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hyponychium in nail anatomy?

    <p>Connect the nail body to the nail bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the dermis is characterized as being superficial?

    <p>Papillary layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>Production of melanin for skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • Skin (cutis, integument) forms the body's outermost covering and is the largest organ.
    • Skin has two main layers: epidermis and dermis.
    • The epidermis, the outer layer, is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. It is avascular, receiving nutrition by diffusion from the dermis.
    • The dermis, the deeper layer, is connective tissue, vascular, and contains collagen and elastic fibers. It has a superficial papillary layer and a deeper reticular layer.
    • The hypodermis lies deep to the dermis and contains adipose tissue, equivalent to subcutaneous fascia.
    • The epidermis is composed of several layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) and stratum corneum.
    • Keratinocytes are the majority cell type in the epidermis responsible for keratin production; Keratinization is the process of transforming living cells into dead cells filled with keratin.
    • Other specialized cells present in the epidermis include melanocytes (melanin production), Langerhans' cells (immune function), and Merkel cells (sensory function).
    • Skin acts as a sensory organ, with nerve endings detecting pressure, touch, temperature, etc.
    • Appendages of skin include hair, nails, and glands (sebaceous, sweat).
    • The dermal ridges create unique patterns on the skin surface, called dermatoglyphics or fingerprints. This is unique to each individual.
    • Skin performs important functions like thermoregulation, protection, sensation, and excretion.
    • The epidermis has specific layers which are designed for different functions like barrier against entry of external substance.
    • There are different types of sweat glands which have distinctive function (eccrine and apocrine).
    • Hair follicles contain hair shaft and root, with papilla at the base. Hair provides insulation, and protection. Hair has three main layers: cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
    • Nails are hard keratin plates over the nail beds.
    • The dermis, by location, orientation, and composition of collagen and elastic fibers, plays a crucial role in providing flexibility.
    • Nerves are crucial since they allow sense interpretation from skin.

    Nerve Supply

    • Sensory nerves carry sensation from free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings; these are involved in temperature, pain, touch, pressure.
    • Enclosed nerve endings form the corpuscles.
    • Free nerve endings can sense touch, pressure and temperature, while corpuscles are specific to detect more nuanced sensations. Skin nerves end directly within the epidermis.

    Appendages

    • Sebaceous glands produce sebum, a lipid substance that lubricates the skin and hair; this is associated with a hair follicle in a pilosebaceous complex
    • Apocrine sweat glands are present in the armpits and genital areas, and secrete a viscous fluid that can smell; the secretion is often linked to emotional or nervous stimuli.
    • Eccrine sweat glands are distributed throughout the body and secrete a watery sweat for thermoregulation.

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    Anatomy (L27) - Integumentary System PDF

    Description

    Explore the structure and function of the integumentary system, focusing on the skin's layers, including the epidermis and dermis. Learn about the cellular composition, such as keratinocytes, and the processes involved in skin health and maintenance.

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