Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the dermal papillae in the skin?

  • They are responsible for producing collagen fibers.
  • They contain encapsulated touch receptors called Meissner’s corpuscles. (correct)
  • They primarily provide structural support to the epidermis.
  • They regulate skin pigmentation.

How does the thickness of the papillary layer differ between thin and thick skin?

  • The papillary layer is absent in thick skin.
  • The papillary layer is thicker in thin skin.
  • The papillary layer remains the same in both types of skin.
  • The papillary layer is smaller and fewer in thin skin. (correct)

What are Langer’s lines associated with?

  • Distribution of nerve endings in the skin.
  • Alignment of elastic fibers in the outer epidermis.
  • Natural orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer. (correct)
  • Orientation of blood vessels in the dermis.

What type of connective tissue predominates in the reticular layer of the dermis?

<p>Dense irregular connective tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of making skin incisions parallel to Langer’s lines?

<p>It leads to faster healing with minimal scarring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

<p>Produce sebum for skin lubrication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is most abundant in thick skin?

<p>Eccrine sweat glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is produced by eccrine sweat glands?

<p>Clear and watery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?

<p>Axilla and pubic regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells line the secretory portion of apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Columnar or cuboidal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which physiological period does sebaceous gland activity increase?

<p>Puberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the secretion from apocrine sweat glands acquire its distinctive odor?

<p>Due to bacterial degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of secretion for both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Merocrine secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material that makes up the hair shaft?

<p>Keratin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the hair is the outermost one?

<p>Cuticle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the external root sheath to the stratum basale?

<p>Internal root sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many concentric zones are identified in the structure of the hair shaft?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of Henle’s layer in the internal root sheath?

<p>Flattened or cuboidal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the hair provides a hard, shingle-like outer covering?

<p>Cuticle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells give color to the hair?

<p>Melanocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located closest to the hair shaft?

<p>Internal root sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Synthesizing keratin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which layer of the skin is the stratum lucidum found?

<p>Thick skin only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the cells in the stratum corneum?

<p>They are closely packed, flattened dead cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the synthesis of melanin?

<p>Melanocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for the stratum corneum to regenerate in healthy skin?

<p>45 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis does NOT have visible nuclei in its cells?

<p>Stratum lucidum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epidermal turnover rate in diseases like psoriasis?

<p>It becomes faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are melanocytes located in the epidermis?

<p>Stratum basale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

<p>To cool the body temperature through sweat evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes apocrine sweat glands from eccrine sweat glands?

<p>Apocrine glands respond to emotional and sensory stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cystic fibrosis related to sweat glands?

<p>Increased Cl- concentrations in sweat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hair follicle is responsible for hair production?

<p>Germinal matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect hair growth in both males and females?

<p>Receding hairline due to lack of hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the hair follicle connects it to the dermis?

<p>Root (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visible part of the hair that protrudes from the skin called?

<p>Shaft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes alopecia areata?

<p>Hair loss in localized areas of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of nails?

<p>Hard keratin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the hair follicle is directly involved in the growth of hair?

<p>Hair papilla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is referred to as the 'lunula' in nails?

<p>The whitish opaque region of the proximal nail body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?

<p>Stratum reticularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells predominates in the epidermis?

<p>Keratinocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hyponychium in nail anatomy?

<p>Connect the nail body to the nail bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dermis is characterized as being superficial?

<p>Papillary layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Production of melanin for skin pigmentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Papillary Layer

The uppermost layer of the dermis, containing Meissner's corpuscles, free nerve endings, and immunoprotective cells.

Epidermal Ridges

A downward projection of the epidermis that interdigitates with dermal papillae, creating a strong bond between layers.

Langer's Lines

Lines in the skin that represent the orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer.

Reticular Layer

A dense, irregular connective tissue layer of the dermis located below the papillary layer.

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Arterio-venous Anastomoses

Special connections between arteries and veins that help regulate blood pressure and body temperature.

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Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, responsible for generating new keratinocytes.

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Stratum lucidum

Found only in thick skin, this layer appears translucent due to flattened keratinocytes and forms a precursor to keratin called eleidin.

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Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead cells filled with keratin. It acts as a protective barrier.

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Stratum granulosum

A layer of the epidermis containing cells with granules that help with keratinization.

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Keratinocytes

These cells are the main type in the epidermis and produce keratin, a protein responsible for skin's strength and flexibility.

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Melanocytes

These cells produce melanin, a pigment that protects the skin from UV damage.

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Melanophores

Cells that receive melanin from melanocytes and contribute to skin pigmentation.

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Stem cells

These cells reside in the deepest layer of the epidermis and are responsible for giving rise to new keratinocytes.

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Eccrine sweat and body temperature

Evaporation of eccrine sweat from the skin surface reduces body temperature by cooling blood in papillary capillaries.

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Eccrine sweat gland stimulation

Eccrine sweat glands are stimulated by heat and stress.

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Apocrine sweat gland stimulation

Apocrine sweat glands are stimulated by emotional and sensory stimuli.

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Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a defect in the cystic fibrosis gene on chromosome 7.

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Chloride ion concentration in cystic fibrosis

In cystic fibrosis, chloride ion (Cl-) concentrations in sweat increase due to decreased reabsorption of sodium chloride from the lumen of sweat gland ducts.

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Hair follicles

Hair follicles are structures that form and maintain hair growth, consisting of a shaft and a root.

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Hair shaft and root

The visible part of hair above the skin is called the shaft, while the embedded part is called the root.

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Hair bulb

The base of the hair follicle is called the hair bulb, where the hair papilla and germinal matrix are located.

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Hair shaft cuticle

The outermost layer of the hair shaft, made of overlapping keratinized cells, forming a protective shingle-like layer.

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Hair shaft cortex

The middle layer of the hair shaft, containing melanin granules, which give hair its color.

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Hair shaft medulla

The innermost layer of the hair shaft, present in thicker hairs, consisting of loosely arranged keratin cells, creating an air-filled space.

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Internal root sheath

The innermost layer of the hair follicle, extending from the hair bulb to the sebaceous gland ducts. It has three layers: Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and the innermost layer.

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External root sheath

The outermost layer of the hair follicle, continuous with the stratum basale of the epidermis.

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Glassy membrane

A thin hyaline membrane separating the internal root sheath from the connective tissue sheath.

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Connective tissue sheath

The outermost layer of the hair follicle, composed of dense connective tissue, providing support and anchoring the hair follicle.

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Sebaceous glands

Specialized glands that produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

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Sebum

The secretion produced by sebaceous glands, composed of lipids and cell debris.

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Sudorific glands

The process by which sweat glands release sweat from the body.

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Eccrine sweat glands

A type of sweat gland that's found all over the body, releasing a watery, salty secretion.

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Apocrine sweat glands

A type of sweat gland located in specific areas like armpits and groin, producing a thicker, odourless secretion.

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Apocrine gland duct opening

The duct of an apocrine gland opens into the upper part of a hair follicle.

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Apocrine secretion

The secretion released by apocrine glands, a viscous substance that is odourless when secreted.

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Exocytosis

The process by which cells release substances from their interior to the outside, like sweat from sweat glands.

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Huxley's Layer

The innermost layer of the hair follicle, composed of one to three layers of low cuboidal cells, which contribute to the formation of the hair shaft.

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Nail Matrix

A thickened portion of the epidermis located beneath the nail plate, containing dividing cells for nail growth.

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Cuticle of the Internal Root Sheath

The layer of flat cells located just inside the cuticle of the hair follicle, contributing to the formation of the hair shaft.

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Hair Papilla

A group of cells that grow into the hair bulb, providing nutrients and signaling information for hair growth.

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Nail Bed

A layer of epithelial cells that form the base of the nail plate, providing a foundation for nail growth.

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Eponychium (Cuticle)

A thick keratinized layer extending from the nail groove over the proximal part of the nail body, protecting the nail matrix.

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Nail Body

The visible portion of the nail, excluding the nail root.

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Nail Root

The portion of the nail hidden within the nail groove, located under the eponychium.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System

  • Skin (cutis, integument) forms the body's outermost covering and is the largest organ.
  • Skin has two main layers: epidermis and dermis.
  • The epidermis, the outer layer, is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. It is avascular, receiving nutrition by diffusion from the dermis.
  • The dermis, the deeper layer, is connective tissue, vascular, and contains collagen and elastic fibers. It has a superficial papillary layer and a deeper reticular layer.
  • The hypodermis lies deep to the dermis and contains adipose tissue, equivalent to subcutaneous fascia.
  • The epidermis is composed of several layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) and stratum corneum.
  • Keratinocytes are the majority cell type in the epidermis responsible for keratin production; Keratinization is the process of transforming living cells into dead cells filled with keratin.
  • Other specialized cells present in the epidermis include melanocytes (melanin production), Langerhans' cells (immune function), and Merkel cells (sensory function).
  • Skin acts as a sensory organ, with nerve endings detecting pressure, touch, temperature, etc.
  • Appendages of skin include hair, nails, and glands (sebaceous, sweat).
  • The dermal ridges create unique patterns on the skin surface, called dermatoglyphics or fingerprints. This is unique to each individual.
  • Skin performs important functions like thermoregulation, protection, sensation, and excretion.
  • The epidermis has specific layers which are designed for different functions like barrier against entry of external substance.
  • There are different types of sweat glands which have distinctive function (eccrine and apocrine).
  • Hair follicles contain hair shaft and root, with papilla at the base. Hair provides insulation, and protection. Hair has three main layers: cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
  • Nails are hard keratin plates over the nail beds.
  • The dermis, by location, orientation, and composition of collagen and elastic fibers, plays a crucial role in providing flexibility.
  • Nerves are crucial since they allow sense interpretation from skin.

Nerve Supply

  • Sensory nerves carry sensation from free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings; these are involved in temperature, pain, touch, pressure.
  • Enclosed nerve endings form the corpuscles.
  • Free nerve endings can sense touch, pressure and temperature, while corpuscles are specific to detect more nuanced sensations. Skin nerves end directly within the epidermis.

Appendages

  • Sebaceous glands produce sebum, a lipid substance that lubricates the skin and hair; this is associated with a hair follicle in a pilosebaceous complex
  • Apocrine sweat glands are present in the armpits and genital areas, and secrete a viscous fluid that can smell; the secretion is often linked to emotional or nervous stimuli.
  • Eccrine sweat glands are distributed throughout the body and secrete a watery sweat for thermoregulation.

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Anatomy (L27) - Integumentary System PDF

Description

Explore the structure and function of the integumentary system, focusing on the skin's layers, including the epidermis and dermis. Learn about the cellular composition, such as keratinocytes, and the processes involved in skin health and maintenance.

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