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Questions and Answers
What type of skin infection is characterized by warts?
What type of skin infection is characterized by warts?
Which of the following is a characteristic of 1st degree burns?
Which of the following is a characteristic of 1st degree burns?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
Which degree of burn affects the entire thickness of the skin?
Which degree of burn affects the entire thickness of the skin?
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What skin condition is associated with the presence of lice?
What skin condition is associated with the presence of lice?
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Which of the following statements is true about 2nd degree burns?
Which of the following statements is true about 2nd degree burns?
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What is the primary component of sweat?
What is the primary component of sweat?
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Which type of lesion is characterized by the formation of moles?
Which type of lesion is characterized by the formation of moles?
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What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?
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Which cells are found in the epidermis and are responsible for skin pigmentation?
Which cells are found in the epidermis and are responsible for skin pigmentation?
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What distinguishes the dermis from the epidermis?
What distinguishes the dermis from the epidermis?
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What pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow-orange color in the skin?
What pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow-orange color in the skin?
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Which skin condition is characterized by increased redness due to various causes?
Which skin condition is characterized by increased redness due to various causes?
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What role do keratinocytes play in the epidermis?
What role do keratinocytes play in the epidermis?
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What is a primary component of the dermis that provides skin strength and resilience?
What is a primary component of the dermis that provides skin strength and resilience?
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What is responsible for the bluish color of the skin in cases of deoxygenated blood?
What is responsible for the bluish color of the skin in cases of deoxygenated blood?
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What happens to the epidermis during mechanical abrasion?
What happens to the epidermis during mechanical abrasion?
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Which type of burn is classified as severe if more than 10% of the body is affected?
Which type of burn is classified as severe if more than 10% of the body is affected?
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to skin color?
Which of the following does NOT contribute to skin color?
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What is primarily responsible for the decrease in collagen production during middle age?
What is primarily responsible for the decrease in collagen production during middle age?
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Which of the following skin disorders is caused by a fungal infection?
Which of the following skin disorders is caused by a fungal infection?
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What skin cancer type is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells?
What skin cancer type is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells?
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During adolescence, acne is primarily caused by which of the following?
During adolescence, acne is primarily caused by which of the following?
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Which of these statements about skin aging is accurate?
Which of these statements about skin aging is accurate?
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What is a common consequence of unprotected sun/UV exposure concerning skin aging?
What is a common consequence of unprotected sun/UV exposure concerning skin aging?
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Which skin disorder is associated with the presence of white, itchy patches on the skin?
Which skin disorder is associated with the presence of white, itchy patches on the skin?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages (sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails)
- The skin is the largest organ, accounting for approximately 7% of total body weight.
Integumentary Objectives
- Describe the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- Understand the function of each skin layer
- Describe factors influencing skin color and appearance
- Identify skin appendages
- Identify various skin disorders
- Explain age-related skin changes
Skin
- Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. It has 5 layers (thick skin) or 4 layers (thin skin) - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (absent in thin skin), and stratum corneum.
- Dermis: Connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve fibers, collagen, and elastin fibers. Contains cells and fibers typical of connective tissue proper.
- Hypodermis: Adipose tissue ("subcutaneous fatty tissue"). Holds the body together and provides resilience.
Skin Layers
- Epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium): Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells. Composed of 5 layers (thick skin) or 4 (thin skin). Stratum corneum is primarily dead keratinocytes and glycoprotein.
- Dermis: Connective tissue proper containing collagen and elastin fibers. Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.
- Hypodermis: Composed primarily of adipose tissue/subcutaneous tissue. Supports the skin.
Keratin
- Keratin is a protein that is the main component of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis). It provides protection and water resistance.
Skin Color
- Skin color results from a combination of melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
- Melanin is based on tyrosine and ranges from yellow to brown to black.
- Carotene is obtained from vegetables, producing a yellow-orange color concentrated in the stratum corneum.
- Hemoglobin (oxygenated) is bright red, contributing a pinkish hue to Caucasian skin.
Significance of Skin Color
- Skin color changes temporarily or permanently due to various causes, from simple homeostatic responses to serious conditions.
- Pallor is abnormal paleness from low melanin levels or reduced blood flow, while erythema is increased redness from various factors.
Skin Disorders
- Bacterial infections (impetigo, boils)
- Viral infections (warts, herpes, shingles, chickenpox)
- Parasitic disorders (lice, scabies)
- Fungal infections (tinea [ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch])
- Lesions (psoriasis, keloids, nevi [moles], bedsores)
Appendages of the Skin
- Hair: Dead keratinized cells from the hair follicle.
- Sebaceous glands: Secrete sebum (oil) for skin protection and conditioning.
- Sweat glands: Secrete sweat (mostly water), primarily for thermoregulation.
- Nails: Scale-like modifications of the epidermis.
Burns
- Serious threat to life.
- Causes rapid fluid loss, reduced blood flow, and increased risk of infection.
- Classified by severity as first, second, and third degree.
1st-degree burns
- Only affect the epidermis.
- Characterized by redness, swelling, and pain (e.g., sunburn).
- Heal in a few days.
2nd-degree burns
- Damage the epidermis and upper dermis.
- Characterized by blisters, redness, swelling, and pain.
- Heal in 3-4 weeks; slight infection possibility.
3rd-degree burns
- Destroy the entire skin thickness.
- May extend to the hypodermis or underlying tissues.
- Appear white, red, or blackened.
- Severe fluid loss and infection risk.
- Require extensive intervention for healing.
Rule of Nines
- Method for estimating the extent of burns on the body by percentage body areas. Used to assess the severity of burn injuries.
Thermoregulation & Homeostasis
- The skin plays a role in thermoregulation through vasodilation (increased blood flow) and vasoconstriction (reduced blood flow). Sweat glands also contribute via evaporation.
Skin Cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
Aging
- During adolescence, androgens contribute to acne.
- Peak skin health is in the 20s and 30s.
- Middle age: Collagen decreases, skin becomes drier, less elastic, and wrinkles appear.
- Skin heals more slowly.
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Description
Explore the integumentary system, focusing on the structure and function of the skin and its appendages. Learn about the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, skin disorders, and age-related changes in skin. Dive into the complexities of skin color and appearance.
